Fig. 1. Effects of AreA on growth, pathogenicity, and fumonisin biosynthesis of Fusarium proliferatum. A, Colony morphological phenotypes of wild type (WT), deletion mutant (ΔAreA), and complementation mutant (CAreA) grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media for 5 d [(a)-(c)], morphology of mycelia at the edge of colonies of WT, ΔareA, and CAreA growth on PDA media for 24 h [(d)-(f)], and conidiation of WT, ΔAreA, and CAreA in liquid mung bean media for 3 d [(g)-(i)]. Scale bars are 50 μm. B, Virulence assays were performed on rice spikelets at 14 d after inoculation. C and D, Sensitivity test (C) and growth inhibition (D) of WT, ΔAreA, and CAreA strains grown on PDA media containing different concentrations of H2O2 for 3 d. E, Colony morphological phenotypes of WT, ΔAreA, and CAreA grown on minimal media with different nitrogen sources for 5 d. F, Effect of different nitrogen sources on the synthesis of fumonisins by WT, ΔAreA, and CAreA strains. G, Relative expression levels of FUM genes in WT and ΔAreA strains in glutamine phosphate liquid media at 48 h with different nitrogen sources. The β-tubulin gene (TUB2) was used as an endogenous control. In D, F, and G, the mean with standard deviation were calculated from three independent biological replicates. Different lowercase letters in the same graph indicate significant differences at the 5% level by the Duncan method. Gln, Glutamine.