Does Financial Inclusion Influence Economic Efficiency of Rice Farming? Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2024.10.001

摘要/Abstract

. [J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(6): 638-642.

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参考文献 31

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Variable	Definition	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Socio-economic characteristics
Age (year)	Farmer’s age in years	57.3	10.63	42	83
Gender	Dummy for gender of the farmer (1, Male; 0, Female)	0.95	0.22	0	1
Household size	Number of persons living in the household	4.98	1.94	2	10
Education (year)	Years of formal education of the farmer	6.85	2.89	0	12
Marital status	Dummy for marital status of the farmer (1, Married; 0, Otherwise)	0.63	0.48	0	1
Extension service	Dummy for farmer’s access to extension service (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise)	0.48	0.50	0	1
Farming experience (year)	Years of farming experience	19.13	13.42	0	50
Financial inclusion indicator
Ownership of bank account	Dummy for ownership of a bank account (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise)	0.52	0.50	0	1
Save money in the bank	Dummy for saving money in the bank (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise )	0.79	0.41	0	1
Credit access	Dummy for having access to credit (1, Farmer has access to credit; 0, Otherwise)	0.83	0.37	0	1

Variable	Definition	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Socio-economic characteristics
Age (year)	Farmer’s age in years	57.3	10.63	42	83
Gender	Dummy for gender of the farmer (1, Male; 0, Female)	0.95	0.22	0	1
Household size	Number of persons living in the household	4.98	1.94	2	10
Education (year)	Years of formal education of the farmer	6.85	2.89	0	12
Marital status	Dummy for marital status of the farmer (1, Married; 0, Otherwise)	0.63	0.48	0	1
Extension service	Dummy for farmer’s access to extension service (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise)	0.48	0.50	0	1
Farming experience (year)	Years of farming experience	19.13	13.42	0	50
Financial inclusion indicator
Ownership of bank account	Dummy for ownership of a bank account (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise)	0.52	0.50	0	1
Save money in the bank	Dummy for saving money in the bank (1, Yes; 0, Otherwise )	0.79	0.41	0	1
Credit access	Dummy for having access to credit (1, Farmer has access to credit; 0, Otherwise)	0.83	0.37	0	1

Cost function
	Variable	Coefficient	z value
	Land cost	0.1156*** (0.0069)	16.53
	Fertiliser cost	0.0363*** (0.0069)	5.24
	Insecticide cost	0.0632*** (0.0243)	2.69
	Herbicide cost	0.0238 (0.0191)	1.25
	Labour cost	0.0133 (0.0300)	0.44
	Output (kg)	0.1399*** (0.0455)	3.08
	Constant	8.4052*** (0.2515)	33.42
Inefficiency function
	Inefficiency determinant	Average marginal effect	z value
	Age	0.0209***	3.03
	Gender (Base category: Female)
	Male	-0.3967**	-2.32
	Household size	0.0166	0.76
	Years of education	-0.0417**	-2.16
	Marital status (Base category: Married)
	Single	0.0157	0.16
	Access to extension service	-0.2727***	-2.48
	Years of farming experience	-0.0039	-1.19
	Ownership of bank account	-0.3375***	-2.49
	Save money in the bank	-0.1613	-1.44
	Credit access	-0.3289**	-2.26
	U. Sigma
	Constant	-0.1984 (0.3552)	-0.56
	V. Sigma
	Constant	-2.5999*** (0.2813)	-9.24
	Sigma_u	0.9056*** (0.1608)	5.63
	Sigma_v	0.2725*** (0.0383)	7.11
	Lambda	3.3228*** (0.1641)	20.24
	Number of observations	240
	Wald Chi-square (6)	617.02
	Log-likelihood	-174.175
	Prob > Chi-square	0.0000
	Overall mean economic efficiency (%)	61.83
	Likelihood Ratio test of inefficiency	98.488

Cost function
	Variable	Coefficient	z value
	Land cost	0.1156*** (0.0069)	16.53
	Fertiliser cost	0.0363*** (0.0069)	5.24
	Insecticide cost	0.0632*** (0.0243)	2.69
	Herbicide cost	0.0238 (0.0191)	1.25
	Labour cost	0.0133 (0.0300)	0.44
	Output (kg)	0.1399*** (0.0455)	3.08
	Constant	8.4052*** (0.2515)	33.42
Inefficiency function
	Inefficiency determinant	Average marginal effect	z value
	Age	0.0209***	3.03
	Gender (Base category: Female)
	Male	-0.3967**	-2.32
	Household size	0.0166	0.76
	Years of education	-0.0417**	-2.16
	Marital status (Base category: Married)
	Single	0.0157	0.16
	Access to extension service	-0.2727***	-2.48
	Years of farming experience	-0.0039	-1.19
	Ownership of bank account	-0.3375***	-2.49
	Save money in the bank	-0.1613	-1.44
	Credit access	-0.3289**	-2.26
	U. Sigma
	Constant	-0.1984 (0.3552)	-0.56
	V. Sigma
	Constant	-2.5999*** (0.2813)	-9.24
	Sigma_u	0.9056*** (0.1608)	5.63
	Sigma_v	0.2725*** (0.0383)	7.11
	Lambda	3.3228*** (0.1641)	20.24
	Number of observations	240
	Wald Chi-square (6)	617.02
	Log-likelihood	-174.175
	Prob > Chi-square	0.0000
	Overall mean economic efficiency (%)	61.83
	Likelihood Ratio test of inefficiency	98.488

Efficiency category	Frequency	Percentage (%)
0 to 29%	34	14.17
30% to 49%	36	15.00
50% to 69%	54	22.50
70% to 89%	106	44.17
90% to 100%	10	4.17
Total	240	100.00
Mean (%)	62
Minimum (%)	6
Maximum (%)	92

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