Stability of Vitamins and Minerals in Coated and Extruded Fortified Rice Kernels Stored under Real-Life Conditions over Two Years and Implications for Standards

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2026.03.007

摘要/Abstract

. [J]. Rice Science, 2026, 33(4): 559-570.

Fig. 1. Concentrations of vitamins A, B1, B3, B6, B9, and B12 in premix kernels during storage over 24 months. A, C, E, and F, Results for vitamins A (A), B3 (C), B9 (E), and B12 (F) stored in laminated metallized and polyethylene (PE) inner liners were combined and plotted as mean values. B and D, Results for vitamins B1 (B) and B6 (D) in extruded fortified rice kernels (FRKs) are plotted separately for the two packaging types: PE inner liner bags and laminated metallized bags. Error bars represent data variability due to measurement uncertainties (Table 1). Power trend lines were fitted to the vitamin A results, and linear trend lines were fitted to the other vitamins. The specified minimum and maximum concentration ranges are delimited by red dotted lines.

Fig. 2. Zinc and iron concentrations in extruded and coated fortified rice kernels (FRKs). Results of both packaging types were combined and plotted as mean values. Error bars represent data variability due to measurement uncertainties (Table 1). The horizontal dotted red (zinc) and green (iron) lines indicate the upper and lower specification limits.

Table 1. Relative expanded measurement uncertainties for analytical methods and propagated uncertainties for measurements related to vitamin B3 as internal standard. %

Parameter	Measurement uncertainty	Measurement uncertainty related to internal standard vitamin B3
Vitamin A	16	23
Vitamin B1	16	23
Vitamin B3	14	Not applicable
Vitamin B6	14	21
Vitamin B9	14	21
Vitamin B12	20	26
Iron	16	23
Zinc	16	23

Fig. 3. Concentrations of vitamins A, B1, B3, B6, B9, and B12 in rice fortified with coated and extruded fortified rice kernels (FRKs) during storage over 26 months in 90-µm polyethylene (PE), polypropylene woven (PP), and United States Agency for International Development provided hybrid (Hybrid) bags. Mean values from duplicate tests are plotted, with error bars indicating the range of measurement uncertainties (Table 1).

Fig. 4. Concentrations of vitamins A, B1, B6, B9, and B12 in rice fortified with coated and extruded fortified rice kernels (FRKs), corrected using vitamin B3 as the internal standard, during storage over 26 months in 90-µm polyethylene (PE), polypropylene woven (PP), and United States Agency for International Development provided hybrid (Hybrid) bags. Results were corrected using a factor calculated from the internal standard, vitamin B3. Mean values from duplicate tests are plotted, with error bars indicating the range of measurement uncertainties (Table 1).

Fig. 5. Concentrations of vitamins A, B1, B6, B9, and B12 in fortified rice, corrected with vitamin B3 as the internal standard, during storage over 26 months. Results from storage in polyethylene (PE), polypropylene woven (PP), and United States Agency for International Development provided hybrid (Hybrid) bags were combined and plotted as mean values. Error bars indicate the range of measurement uncertainties (Table 1).

Fig. 6. Concentrations of zinc and iron in rice fortified with extruded and coated fortified rice kernels (FRKs), without correction (A) and after correction (B) using factor calculated from internal standard vitamin B3. Results from storage in polyethylene (PE), polypropylene woven (PP), and United States Agency for International Development provided hybrid (Hybrid) bags were combined and plotted as mean values. Error bars represent data variability due to measurement uncertainties (Table 1). The horizontal dotted red (zinc) and green (iron) lines indicate the upper and lower limits of the specifications.

Table 2. Moisture contents of extruded and coated fortified rice kernels (FRKs) and rice fortified with these FRKs.

Packaging	Moisture content (%)
Packaging	Extruded FRKs	Coated FRKs
PE inner liner paper bags	11.1 ± 1.1	11.9 ± 0.1
Laminated metallized bags	12.7 ± 1.0	12.3 ± 0.1
	Rice fortified with extruded FRKs	Rice fortified with coated FRKs
PE 90 µm bags	11.8 ± 0.4	12.1 ± 0.4
PP woven bags	12.0 ± 0.9	11.8 ± 1.0
USAID hybrid bags	11.9 ± 0.3	12.0 ± 0.4

Table 3. Concentrations of vitamins, zinc, and iron in the extruded and coated kernel (FRK) defined by the World Food Programme (2025).

Nutrient	Fortificant	Specified content (mg/kg)			Specified content at beginning (mg/kg)
Nutrient	Fortificant	Minimum	Maximum		Coated FRK	Extruded FRK
Vitamin A	Retinyl palmitate	195	312	363 ± 58		292 ± 47
Vitamin B1	Thiamine mononitrate	650	975	1 115 ± 178		742 ± 119
Vitamin B3	Niacinamide	9 100	10 920	10 700 ± 1 498		11 350 ± 1 589
Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine hydrochloride	780	1 170	961 ± 135		849 ± 119
Vitamin B9	Folic acid	169	254	242 ± 34		180 ± 25
Vitamin B12	Cyanocobalamin	1.3	2.0	1.6 ± 0.32		1.4 ± 0.28
Iron	Ferric pyrophosphate	4 000	4 800	4 700 ± 752		4 100 ± 656
Zinc	Zinc oxide	6 000	7 200	7 100 ± 1 136		5 950 ± 952

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