Rice Science ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 777-796.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2025.08.009
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D. Priyanga1, K. Amudha2(
), N. Sakthivel3, P. Sivasakthivelan4, S. Utharasu2, D. Uma5, M. Sudha6
Received:2025-05-14
Accepted:2025-08-04
Online:2025-11-28
Published:2025-12-04
Contact:
K. Amudha (D. Priyanga, K. Amudha, N. Sakthivel, P. Sivasakthivelan, S. Utharasu, D. Uma, M. Sudha. Functional and Nutraceutical Potential of Indian Rice Landraces: A Comprehensive Scientific Review[J]. Rice Science, 2025, 32(6): 777-796.
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Fig. 1. Region-wise distribution of indigenous low-glycemic index (GI) rice landraces in India. Data in parentheses represent mean GI.
Fig. 2. Indian landraces enriched with minerals. The variation in Fe, Zn, K, Ca, and Mg contents among Indian rice landraces was analyzed, with all data representing mineral content in brown rice as reported in the cited studies.
Fig. 3. View of Indian rice landraces. A, Chitthimutyalu; B, Kuzhiyadichan; C, Karungkuruvai; D, Kavuni; E, Mappillai Samba; F, Kattuyanam; G, Njavara; H, Chakhao Poireiton; I, Kalanamak.
| Landrace | Total phenolic content | Total flavonoid content | Total anthocyanin content | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karungkuruwai | 8.75 mg/g (GAE) | 1.70 mg/g (QE) | 337.9 μg/g | Krishnanunni et al, |
| Mappillai Samba | 395.6 ± 5.0 to 458.0 ± 1.9 μg/g | 2.88 ± 0.01 mg/g | 452.0 ± 1.6 to 483.7 ± 2.3 μg/g | Rajendran et al, |
| Kalanamak | 431.9 ± 5.4 μg/g | 71.8 ± 5.2 μg/g | 340.1 ± 4.5 μg/g | |
| Illupaipoo Samba | 354.5 ± 5.6 μg/g | 78.1 ± 5.5 μg/g | 291.5 ± 5.8 μg/g | |
| Chuhartu | 1.9 ± 0.1 mg/g | ‒ | 4.67 ± 0.02 mg g | Gayacharan et al, |
| Mirzag | 2.4 ± 0.1 mg/g | ‒ | 3.70 ± 0.11 mg/g | |
| Sukara | 2.6 ± 0.4 mg/g | ‒ | 3.72 ± 0.27 mg/g | |
| Begumi | 3.3 ± 0.2 mg/g | ‒ | 3.44 ± 0.11 mg/g | |
| Chakhao Amubi | 5.79 mg/g (GAE) | 2.01 mg/g (QE) | 1.97‒2.32 mg/g | Bhuvaneswari et al, |
| Chakhao Poireiton | 6.63 mg/g (GAE) | 2.12 ± 0.00 mg/g (QE) | 2.31‒2.59 mg/g | |
| Ching Chakhao | ‒ | ‒ | 2.69 ± 0.04 mg/g | |
| Chakhao | ‒ | ‒ | 2.76 ± 0.05 mg/g | |
| Chathao Pungdol Angouba | ‒ | ‒ | 2.34 ± 0.09 mg/g | |
| Muthuvellai | 8.85 mg/g (GAE) | 1.22 mg/g (QE) | 1.30 mg/g | Mondal et al, |
| Chitthan Samba | 9.91 mg/g (GAE) | 1.59 mg/g (QE) | 1.58 mg/g | |
| Karuppu Kavuni | 6.46 mg/g (GAE) | 1.03 mg/g (QE) | 0.74 mg/g | |
| Kavuni | 6.06 mg/g (GAE) | 2.92 mg/g (QE) | 0.38 mg/g | |
| Burma Black | 13.37 mg/g (GAE) | 2.59 mg/g (QE) | 1.30 mg/g | |
| Kullakar | 8.30 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | 0.38 mg/g | |
| Black Navara | 3.98 ± 0.01 mg/g (GAE) | 13.08 ± 0.00 mg/g (QE) | 133.6 ± 0.1 μg/g | Nayeem et al, |
| Chakhao Angangba | 5.68 mg/g (GAE) | 2.18 mg/g (QE) | 359.0 μg/g | Nath et al, |
| Kawnglawng | 7.85 ± 0.05 mg/g (GAE) | 2.78 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.33 ± 0.02 mg/g | Singh et al, |
| Lumre | 9.01 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 2.14 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.13 ± 0.04 mg/g | |
| Chakhao Akupi | 4.63 ± 0.10 mg/g (GAE) | 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.47 ± 0.02 mg/g | |
| Phul Pakri | 11.5 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | John et al, |
| Shiyal Suli | 10.07 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Bam Kokowa Bao | 9.87 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Kalachudi | 9.0 mg/g | 6.0 μg/g | ‒ | Panda et al, |
| Bedagurumuki | 5.65 mg/g | 9.5 μg/g | ‒ | |
| Kajoli Chokuva | 2.53 mg/g | ‒ | 1.40 µg/g | Gogoi et al, |
| Jensoni | 3.09 mg/g | ‒ | 1.27 µg/g | |
| Tulashi Bora | 5.54 mg/g | ‒ | 1.52 µg/g | |
| Tai Sanghas | 9.78 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 1.05 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/g | Lalremliani et al, |
| Kongkuai | 9.71 ± 0.03 mg/g (GAE) | 1.71 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.24 ± 0.01 mg/g | |
| Bumandum | 9.80 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 1.49 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 1.34 ± 0.03 mg/g | |
| Wari Chakhao | 3.09 ± 0.03 mg/g (GAE) | 1.07 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.49 ± 0.04 mg/g |
Table 1. Phytochemical composition (phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins) of Indian rice landraces.
| Landrace | Total phenolic content | Total flavonoid content | Total anthocyanin content | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karungkuruwai | 8.75 mg/g (GAE) | 1.70 mg/g (QE) | 337.9 μg/g | Krishnanunni et al, |
| Mappillai Samba | 395.6 ± 5.0 to 458.0 ± 1.9 μg/g | 2.88 ± 0.01 mg/g | 452.0 ± 1.6 to 483.7 ± 2.3 μg/g | Rajendran et al, |
| Kalanamak | 431.9 ± 5.4 μg/g | 71.8 ± 5.2 μg/g | 340.1 ± 4.5 μg/g | |
| Illupaipoo Samba | 354.5 ± 5.6 μg/g | 78.1 ± 5.5 μg/g | 291.5 ± 5.8 μg/g | |
| Chuhartu | 1.9 ± 0.1 mg/g | ‒ | 4.67 ± 0.02 mg g | Gayacharan et al, |
| Mirzag | 2.4 ± 0.1 mg/g | ‒ | 3.70 ± 0.11 mg/g | |
| Sukara | 2.6 ± 0.4 mg/g | ‒ | 3.72 ± 0.27 mg/g | |
| Begumi | 3.3 ± 0.2 mg/g | ‒ | 3.44 ± 0.11 mg/g | |
| Chakhao Amubi | 5.79 mg/g (GAE) | 2.01 mg/g (QE) | 1.97‒2.32 mg/g | Bhuvaneswari et al, |
| Chakhao Poireiton | 6.63 mg/g (GAE) | 2.12 ± 0.00 mg/g (QE) | 2.31‒2.59 mg/g | |
| Ching Chakhao | ‒ | ‒ | 2.69 ± 0.04 mg/g | |
| Chakhao | ‒ | ‒ | 2.76 ± 0.05 mg/g | |
| Chathao Pungdol Angouba | ‒ | ‒ | 2.34 ± 0.09 mg/g | |
| Muthuvellai | 8.85 mg/g (GAE) | 1.22 mg/g (QE) | 1.30 mg/g | Mondal et al, |
| Chitthan Samba | 9.91 mg/g (GAE) | 1.59 mg/g (QE) | 1.58 mg/g | |
| Karuppu Kavuni | 6.46 mg/g (GAE) | 1.03 mg/g (QE) | 0.74 mg/g | |
| Kavuni | 6.06 mg/g (GAE) | 2.92 mg/g (QE) | 0.38 mg/g | |
| Burma Black | 13.37 mg/g (GAE) | 2.59 mg/g (QE) | 1.30 mg/g | |
| Kullakar | 8.30 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | 0.38 mg/g | |
| Black Navara | 3.98 ± 0.01 mg/g (GAE) | 13.08 ± 0.00 mg/g (QE) | 133.6 ± 0.1 μg/g | Nayeem et al, |
| Chakhao Angangba | 5.68 mg/g (GAE) | 2.18 mg/g (QE) | 359.0 μg/g | Nath et al, |
| Kawnglawng | 7.85 ± 0.05 mg/g (GAE) | 2.78 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.33 ± 0.02 mg/g | Singh et al, |
| Lumre | 9.01 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 2.14 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.13 ± 0.04 mg/g | |
| Chakhao Akupi | 4.63 ± 0.10 mg/g (GAE) | 1.33 ± 0.01 mg/g (QE) | 0.47 ± 0.02 mg/g | |
| Phul Pakri | 11.5 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | John et al, |
| Shiyal Suli | 10.07 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Bam Kokowa Bao | 9.87 mg/g (GAE) | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Kalachudi | 9.0 mg/g | 6.0 μg/g | ‒ | Panda et al, |
| Bedagurumuki | 5.65 mg/g | 9.5 μg/g | ‒ | |
| Kajoli Chokuva | 2.53 mg/g | ‒ | 1.40 µg/g | Gogoi et al, |
| Jensoni | 3.09 mg/g | ‒ | 1.27 µg/g | |
| Tulashi Bora | 5.54 mg/g | ‒ | 1.52 µg/g | |
| Tai Sanghas | 9.78 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 1.05 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/g | Lalremliani et al, |
| Kongkuai | 9.71 ± 0.03 mg/g (GAE) | 1.71 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.24 ± 0.01 mg/g | |
| Bumandum | 9.80 ± 0.02 mg/g (GAE) | 1.49 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 1.34 ± 0.03 mg/g | |
| Wari Chakhao | 3.09 ± 0.03 mg/g (GAE) | 1.07 ± 0.02 mg/g (QE) | 0.49 ± 0.04 mg/g |
| Landrace | Kernal colour | Percentage of inhibition / IC50 / EC50 | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH | FRAP | TAC | ABTS | |||
| Kavuni | Brownish black | 1.9‒3.4 µg/mL | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Valarmathi et al, |
| Karung Kuruvai | Black | 91.08 ± 0.82 µg/mL | 3 181.0 ± 16.5 µmol/mg b | ‒ | ‒ | Krishnanunni et al, |
| Mappillai Samba | Red | 359.43 ± 24.16 µg/mL | 483.0 ± 11.8 µmol/mg b | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Tai Sanghar | Red | 90.14% ± 3.41% | ‒ | ‒ | 97.41% ± 3.00% | Lalremliani et al, |
| Mantlep | Red | 82.26% ± 2.13% | ‒ | ‒ | 90.82% ± 3.16% | |
| Kongkuai | Red | 91.93% ± 2.64% | ‒ | ‒ | 92.50% ± 3.01% | |
| Bumandum | Black | 96.35% ± 4.01% | ‒ | ‒ | 84.71% ± 2.26% | |
| Mappillai Samba | Red | 51.80% ± 0.09% | ‒ | 7.56‒7.64 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Rajendran et al, |
| Kuruvai Kalanjiam | Red | 49.10% ± 0.01% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Karimundaga | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 8.00 µmol/g c | ‒ | Muttagi and Ravindra, |
| Doddabyranellu | Red | ‒ | ‒ | 7.50 µmol/g c | ‒ | |
| Gajagunda | Reddish brown | ‒ | ‒ | 6.54 µmol/g c | ‒ | |
| Kandulakathi | Brown | ‒ | ‒ | 40.2% c | ‒ | Panda et al, |
| Kalachudi | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 20.1%c | ‒ | |
| Jengoni | Red | 89.40% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Gogoi et al, |
| Tulasibora | Purple | 89.05% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chakhao Amubi | Black | 47.10%‒96.13% | 54.5 µmol/mg | ‒ | ‒ | Saikia et al, |
| Chakhao Poireiton | Black | 59.30%‒94.19% | 25.9 µmol/mg | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Ching Chakhao | Black | 52.9% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Bhuvaneswari et al, |
| Chakhao | Black | 65.7% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chakhao Pungdol Angouba | Black | 51.5% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Singh et al, |
| Chakho Akupi | Black | 94.0% | ‒ | 492.7 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Kawnglawng | Red | 97.69% ± 0.49% | ‒ | 608.8 ± 18.5 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Fazu | Red | 95.73% ± 1.25% | ‒ | 582.9 ± 8.9 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Menilmilbabaret | Red | 87.60% ± 1.17% | ‒ | 633.5 ± 10.1 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Illupaipoo Samba | White | ‒ | 678.32 ± 0.78 | 6.54 ± 0.25 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Nandhini et al, |
| Seeraga Samba | White | ‒ | ‒ | 4.53 ± 0.21 µmol/g (AAE) | ‒ | Rajendran et al, |
| Kalanamak | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 8.97 ± 0.01 µmol/g (AAE) | ‒ | |
| Black Navara | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 3.16 ± 0.00 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Nayeem et al, |
| Purple Puttu | Purple | ‒ | 3 202.90 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | Mondal et al, |
| Muthuvellai | White | ‒ | 2 884.96 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chitthan Samba | Black | ‒ | 3 699.35 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Thillainayagam | Red | ‒ | 2 944.19 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Burma Black | Black | ‒ | 2 833.01 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Karuppu Kavuni | Black | ‒ | 2 179.63 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
Table 2. Antioxidant profiling (DPPH, FRAP, TAC, ABTS) of Indian landraces.
| Landrace | Kernal colour | Percentage of inhibition / IC50 / EC50 | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH | FRAP | TAC | ABTS | |||
| Kavuni | Brownish black | 1.9‒3.4 µg/mL | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Valarmathi et al, |
| Karung Kuruvai | Black | 91.08 ± 0.82 µg/mL | 3 181.0 ± 16.5 µmol/mg b | ‒ | ‒ | Krishnanunni et al, |
| Mappillai Samba | Red | 359.43 ± 24.16 µg/mL | 483.0 ± 11.8 µmol/mg b | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Tai Sanghar | Red | 90.14% ± 3.41% | ‒ | ‒ | 97.41% ± 3.00% | Lalremliani et al, |
| Mantlep | Red | 82.26% ± 2.13% | ‒ | ‒ | 90.82% ± 3.16% | |
| Kongkuai | Red | 91.93% ± 2.64% | ‒ | ‒ | 92.50% ± 3.01% | |
| Bumandum | Black | 96.35% ± 4.01% | ‒ | ‒ | 84.71% ± 2.26% | |
| Mappillai Samba | Red | 51.80% ± 0.09% | ‒ | 7.56‒7.64 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Rajendran et al, |
| Kuruvai Kalanjiam | Red | 49.10% ± 0.01% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Karimundaga | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 8.00 µmol/g c | ‒ | Muttagi and Ravindra, |
| Doddabyranellu | Red | ‒ | ‒ | 7.50 µmol/g c | ‒ | |
| Gajagunda | Reddish brown | ‒ | ‒ | 6.54 µmol/g c | ‒ | |
| Kandulakathi | Brown | ‒ | ‒ | 40.2% c | ‒ | Panda et al, |
| Kalachudi | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 20.1%c | ‒ | |
| Jengoni | Red | 89.40% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Gogoi et al, |
| Tulasibora | Purple | 89.05% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chakhao Amubi | Black | 47.10%‒96.13% | 54.5 µmol/mg | ‒ | ‒ | Saikia et al, |
| Chakhao Poireiton | Black | 59.30%‒94.19% | 25.9 µmol/mg | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Ching Chakhao | Black | 52.9% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Bhuvaneswari et al, |
| Chakhao | Black | 65.7% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chakhao Pungdol Angouba | Black | 51.5% | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Singh et al, |
| Chakho Akupi | Black | 94.0% | ‒ | 492.7 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Kawnglawng | Red | 97.69% ± 0.49% | ‒ | 608.8 ± 18.5 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Fazu | Red | 95.73% ± 1.25% | ‒ | 582.9 ± 8.9 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Menilmilbabaret | Red | 87.60% ± 1.17% | ‒ | 633.5 ± 10.1 μg/g (AAE) c | ‒ | |
| Illupaipoo Samba | White | ‒ | 678.32 ± 0.78 | 6.54 ± 0.25 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Nandhini et al, |
| Seeraga Samba | White | ‒ | ‒ | 4.53 ± 0.21 µmol/g (AAE) | ‒ | Rajendran et al, |
| Kalanamak | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 8.97 ± 0.01 µmol/g (AAE) | ‒ | |
| Black Navara | Black | ‒ | ‒ | 3.16 ± 0.00 µmol/g (AAE) c | ‒ | Nayeem et al, |
| Purple Puttu | Purple | ‒ | 3 202.90 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | Mondal et al, |
| Muthuvellai | White | ‒ | 2 884.96 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Chitthan Samba | Black | ‒ | 3 699.35 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Thillainayagam | Red | ‒ | 2 944.19 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Burma Black | Black | ‒ | 2 833.01 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
| Karuppu Kavuni | Black | ‒ | 2 179.63 µg/g a | ‒ | ‒ | |
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