Rice Science ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (3): 217-232.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.002
收稿日期:2020-07-29
接受日期:2020-09-27
出版日期:2021-05-28
发布日期:2021-05-28
. [J]. Rice Science, 2021, 28(3): 217-232.
| Method | Input factor/parameter | Optimized condition | Finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soxhlet extraction method | Temperature | 65 ºC | Solvent extraction using hexane as the solvent is an effective method for RBO extraction | |
| Solvent | Hexane | |||
| MAE method | Time | 30, 60, 90 and 120 s per step | MAE is a promising approach for extracting RBO with superior quality oil, an increase in oil yield and reduction in extraction time | |
| Power | 300, 500, 700 and 900 W | |||
| Solvent used | Hexane | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:1 | |||
Time | 60 min | Methanol is the most effective solvent for extraction of γ-oryzanol containing RBO | ||
| Power | 800 W | |||
| Solvent used | Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:3 | |||
| UAE method | Time | 60 min | Ultrasound treatment significantly boosts the γ-oryzanol extraction capability of methanol as compared to conventional extraction method | |
| Power | - | |||
| Solvent used | Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol | |||
| Frequency | 24 kHz | |||
| Temperature | 38 ºC | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:3 | |||
| Supercritical CO2 extraction method | Time | 30 min | Supercritical CO2 may be focused on minimizing operational costs and maximizing oil yields | |
| Pressure | 100, 150 or 200 bar | |||
| Temperature | 40 ºC, 60 ºC or 80 ºC | |||
| Solvent used | Ethanol | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 | |||
Time | 40-80 min | SC-CO2 + ultrasonication is a promising technology to be employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds in RBO | ||
| Power | 160-320 W | |||
| Solvent used | Hexane | |||
| Frequency | 20 kHz | |||
| Subcritical water extraction method | Time-ultrasound | 10-20 min | Subcritical water extraction is an environmentally friendly technique for lipase inactivation and stabilization of RBO | |
| Temperature | 180 ºC-240 ºC | |||
| Solvent used | Deionized water | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:6 | |||
| Subcritical CO2 extraction method | Temperature | 27 ºC-29 ºC | Subcritical CO2 extraction method increases approximately 10 times more oryzanol and tocol compounds and has lower free fatty acid levels and peroxide values compared with conventional method | |
| Pressure | 68-70 bar | |||
| Solvent used | Deionized water | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:24 |
Table 1 Optimized conditions and parameters of RBO extracted by various conventional and non-conventional methods.
| Method | Input factor/parameter | Optimized condition | Finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soxhlet extraction method | Temperature | 65 ºC | Solvent extraction using hexane as the solvent is an effective method for RBO extraction | |
| Solvent | Hexane | |||
| MAE method | Time | 30, 60, 90 and 120 s per step | MAE is a promising approach for extracting RBO with superior quality oil, an increase in oil yield and reduction in extraction time | |
| Power | 300, 500, 700 and 900 W | |||
| Solvent used | Hexane | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:1 | |||
Time | 60 min | Methanol is the most effective solvent for extraction of γ-oryzanol containing RBO | ||
| Power | 800 W | |||
| Solvent used | Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:3 | |||
| UAE method | Time | 60 min | Ultrasound treatment significantly boosts the γ-oryzanol extraction capability of methanol as compared to conventional extraction method | |
| Power | - | |||
| Solvent used | Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol | |||
| Frequency | 24 kHz | |||
| Temperature | 38 ºC | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:3 | |||
| Supercritical CO2 extraction method | Time | 30 min | Supercritical CO2 may be focused on minimizing operational costs and maximizing oil yields | |
| Pressure | 100, 150 or 200 bar | |||
| Temperature | 40 ºC, 60 ºC or 80 ºC | |||
| Solvent used | Ethanol | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 | |||
Time | 40-80 min | SC-CO2 + ultrasonication is a promising technology to be employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds in RBO | ||
| Power | 160-320 W | |||
| Solvent used | Hexane | |||
| Frequency | 20 kHz | |||
| Subcritical water extraction method | Time-ultrasound | 10-20 min | Subcritical water extraction is an environmentally friendly technique for lipase inactivation and stabilization of RBO | |
| Temperature | 180 ºC-240 ºC | |||
| Solvent used | Deionized water | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:6 | |||
| Subcritical CO2 extraction method | Temperature | 27 ºC-29 ºC | Subcritical CO2 extraction method increases approximately 10 times more oryzanol and tocol compounds and has lower free fatty acid levels and peroxide values compared with conventional method | |
| Pressure | 68-70 bar | |||
| Solvent used | Deionized water | |||
| Solid to liquid ratio | 1:24 |
Fig. 1. Conventional methods for rice bran oil (RBO) extraction.A, Solvent extraction method. a), Desired solvent along with plant sample (rice bran); b), Vacuum distillation for removing the solvent; c), Condensing chamber for obtaining liquified RBO; d), Purified RBO from solvent extraction. B, Cold pressing method (mechanical extraction). a), Rice bran placed in mechanical pressing machine; b), Mixture containing RBO, fibers and other impurities; c), Filtrations using centrifuge/mechanical filters; d), Purified cold pressed RBO.
Fig. 2. Non-conventional methods for rice bran oil (RBO) extraction.A, Supercritical CO2 extraction. B, Ultrasound-assisted extraction. C, Microwave-assisted extraction. D, Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction.
| Compound | Composition (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| γ-oryzanol | 0.9-2.9 | |
| Tocopherol | 0.10-0.14 | |
| Saturated fatty acid | 22.5 | |
| Palmitic | 21.6 | |
| Stearic | 2.1-4.7 | |
| Arachidic acid | 1.0 | |
| Myristic | 0.30-0.39 | |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid | 44.0 | |
| Oleic acid | 42.6 | |
| Palmitoleic acid | 0.19 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid | 33.6 | |
| Linoleic acid | 28.0 | |
| Linolenic acid | 0.8 | |
| n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 0.5 | |
| n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 33.1 |
Table 2 Phytonutrients and fatty acid composition of rice bran oil.
| Compound | Composition (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| γ-oryzanol | 0.9-2.9 | |
| Tocopherol | 0.10-0.14 | |
| Saturated fatty acid | 22.5 | |
| Palmitic | 21.6 | |
| Stearic | 2.1-4.7 | |
| Arachidic acid | 1.0 | |
| Myristic | 0.30-0.39 | |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid | 44.0 | |
| Oleic acid | 42.6 | |
| Palmitoleic acid | 0.19 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid | 33.6 | |
| Linoleic acid | 28.0 | |
| Linolenic acid | 0.8 | |
| n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 0.5 | |
| n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 33.1 |
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