Enriching Iodine and Regulating Grain Aroma, Appearance Quality, and Yield in Aromatic Rice by Foliar Application of Sodium Iodide

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.005

摘要/Abstract

. [J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(3): 328-342.

Fig. 1. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on iodine and sodium contents in leaves (A, B, E and F) and grains (C, D, G and H) of aromatic rice at different stages in 2021 and 2022. CK, Foliar spray with distilled water; T1‒T5, Foliar spray with 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, and 0.100% sodium iodide, respectively; 7 DAS, 7 d after spraying; 14 DAS, 14 d after spraying; 21 DAS, 21 d after spraying. Bars that share the same lowercase letters for a given parameter do not differ significantly at P < 0.05 based on the least significant difference test. Error bars represent standard errors of means.

Fig. 2. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on 2-AP content in leaves (A and B) and grains (C and D) of aromatic rice at different stages in 2021 and 2022. 2-AP, 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline; CK, Foliar spray with distilled water; T1‒T5, Foliar spray with 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, and 0.100% sodium iodide, respectively; 7 DAS, 7 d after spraying; 14 DAS, 14 d after spraying; 21 DAS, 21 d after spraying. Bars that share the same lowercase letters for a given parameter do not differ significantly at P < 0.05 based on the least significant difference test. Error bars represent standard errors of means.

Fig. 3. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on chalky grain rate (A and B), chalkiness area (C and D), and chalkiness degree (E and F) of aromatic rice in 2021 and 2022. CK, Foliar spray with distilled water; T1‒T5, Foliar spray with 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, and 0.100% sodium iodide, respectively. Bars that share the same lowercase letters for a given parameter do not differ significantly at P < 0.05 based on the least significant difference test. Error bars represent standard errors of means.

Table 1. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on grain yield and yield components of aromatic rice in 2021 and 2022.

Year	Cultivar	Treatment	Panicle number per m²	Grain number per panicle	Filled-grain rate (%)	1000-grain weight (g)	Grain yield (g/m²)
2021	Meixiangzhan 2	CK	348.80 ± 18.98 a	102.00 ± 0.47 ab	57.51 ± 0.47 b	19.94 ± 0.04 c	886.67 ± 10.89 a
		T1	353.60 ± 11.16 a	97.33 ± 1.19 bc	60.02 ± 1.03 ab	20.60 ± 0.06 b	850.00 ± 23.57 a
		T2	334.40 ± 7.95 a	103.33 ± 1.19 a	68.70 ± 4.54 a	21.13 ± 0.10 a	933.33 ± 59.32 a
		T3	361.60 ± 5.69 a	101.00 ± 1.41 abc	57.35 ± 1.92 b	19.69 ± 0.10 cd	883.33 ± 13.61 a
		T4	366.40 ± 25.43 a	101.00 ± 1.70 abc	55.77 ± 3.78 b	19.51 ± 0.10 de	733.33 ± 13.61 b
		T5	339.20 ± 3.46 a	95.33 ± 2.13 c	64.39 ± 0.77 ab	19.27 ± 0.08 e	850.00 ± 4.71 a
	Xiangyaxiangzhan	CK	348.80 ± 3.46 a	108.00 ± 0.47 a	62.93 ± 1.51 a	19.54 ± 0.12 b	926.67 ± 30.31 bc
		T1	355.20 ± 15.84 a	101.67 ± 4.28 abc	68.94 ± 1.41 a	19.78 ± 0.05 b	1066.67 ± 36.00 a
		T2	339.20 ± 10.20 a	100.00 ± 4.50 abc	63.78 ± 2.55 a	20.31 ± 0.16 a	1016.67 ± 36.00 ab
		T3	355.20 ± 11.31 a	104.67 ± 1.52 ab	64.00 ± 2.90 a	19.31 ± 0.08 bc	916.67 ± 36.00 bc
		T4	331.20 ± 2.26 a	95.00 ± 0.47 bc	62.26 ± 2.35 a	19.26 ± 0.16 bc	833.33 ± 36.00 c
		T5	358.40 ± 6.91 a	92.00 ± 0.47 c	69.99 ±1.30 a	18.93 ± 0.17 c	950.00 ± 20.55 b
2022	Meixiangzhan 2	CK	305.60 ± 13.83 a	115.04 ± 7.86 ab	60.98 ± 1.30 bc	19.58 ± 0.18 bc	563.33 ± 27.32 a
		T1	310.40 ± 3.46 a	120.50 ± 5.27 ab	65.66 ± 0.55 a	19.92 ± 0.27 ab	555.00 ± 10.80 a
		T2	299.20 ± 8.57 a	113.53 ± 3.34 ab	64.07 ± 0.34 ab	20.33 ± 0.13 a	578.33 ± 15.69 a
		T3	307.20 ± 18.52 a	142.92 ± 5.47 a	65.09 ± 1.05 a	19.60 ± 0.17 bc	440.00 ± 15.46 b
		T4	286.40 ± 7.95 a	100.27 ± 16.64 b	66.97 ± 1.11 a	19.20 ± 0.02 c	443.33 ± 24.19 b
		T5	294.40 ± 13.83 a	102.93 ± 11.84 b	59.02 ± 1.21 c	19.04 ± 0.06 c	390.00 ± 18.41 b
	Xiangyaxiangzhan	CK	297.60 ± 13.76 a	100.34 ± 0.67 a	61.81 ± 0.85 ab	19.78 ± 0.05 c	588.33 ± 11.14 ab
		T1	307.20 ± 11.76 a	108.30 ± 1.96 a	64.65 ± 1.12 a	20.95 ± 0.16 b	636.67 ± 24.19 a
		T2	321.60 ± 27.15 a	103.27 ± 0.87 a	65.26 ± 1.23 a	21.74 ± 0.07 a	644.33 ± 23.51 a
		T3	315.20 ± 21.74 a	106.09 ± 0.72 a	63.66 ± 1.29 ab	19.60 ± 0.11 c	550.00 ± 20.55 b
		T4	280.00 ± 6.91 a	105.37 ± 13.91 a	63.39 ± 0.88 ab	19.80 ± 0.20 c	546.67 ± 10.89 b
		T5	289.60 ± 3.46 a	106.51 ± 0.85 a	59.12 ± 1.25 b	20.53 ± 0.16 b	556.67 ± 11.86 b

Table 1. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on grain yield and yield components of aromatic rice in 2021 and 2022.

Year	Cultivar	Treatment	Panicle number per m²	Grain number per panicle	Filled-grain rate (%)	1000-grain weight (g)	Grain yield (g/m²)
2021	Meixiangzhan 2	CK	348.80 ± 18.98 a	102.00 ± 0.47 ab	57.51 ± 0.47 b	19.94 ± 0.04 c	886.67 ± 10.89 a
		T1	353.60 ± 11.16 a	97.33 ± 1.19 bc	60.02 ± 1.03 ab	20.60 ± 0.06 b	850.00 ± 23.57 a
		T2	334.40 ± 7.95 a	103.33 ± 1.19 a	68.70 ± 4.54 a	21.13 ± 0.10 a	933.33 ± 59.32 a
		T3	361.60 ± 5.69 a	101.00 ± 1.41 abc	57.35 ± 1.92 b	19.69 ± 0.10 cd	883.33 ± 13.61 a
		T4	366.40 ± 25.43 a	101.00 ± 1.70 abc	55.77 ± 3.78 b	19.51 ± 0.10 de	733.33 ± 13.61 b
		T5	339.20 ± 3.46 a	95.33 ± 2.13 c	64.39 ± 0.77 ab	19.27 ± 0.08 e	850.00 ± 4.71 a
	Xiangyaxiangzhan	CK	348.80 ± 3.46 a	108.00 ± 0.47 a	62.93 ± 1.51 a	19.54 ± 0.12 b	926.67 ± 30.31 bc
		T1	355.20 ± 15.84 a	101.67 ± 4.28 abc	68.94 ± 1.41 a	19.78 ± 0.05 b	1066.67 ± 36.00 a
		T2	339.20 ± 10.20 a	100.00 ± 4.50 abc	63.78 ± 2.55 a	20.31 ± 0.16 a	1016.67 ± 36.00 ab
		T3	355.20 ± 11.31 a	104.67 ± 1.52 ab	64.00 ± 2.90 a	19.31 ± 0.08 bc	916.67 ± 36.00 bc
		T4	331.20 ± 2.26 a	95.00 ± 0.47 bc	62.26 ± 2.35 a	19.26 ± 0.16 bc	833.33 ± 36.00 c
		T5	358.40 ± 6.91 a	92.00 ± 0.47 c	69.99 ±1.30 a	18.93 ± 0.17 c	950.00 ± 20.55 b
2022	Meixiangzhan 2	CK	305.60 ± 13.83 a	115.04 ± 7.86 ab	60.98 ± 1.30 bc	19.58 ± 0.18 bc	563.33 ± 27.32 a
		T1	310.40 ± 3.46 a	120.50 ± 5.27 ab	65.66 ± 0.55 a	19.92 ± 0.27 ab	555.00 ± 10.80 a
		T2	299.20 ± 8.57 a	113.53 ± 3.34 ab	64.07 ± 0.34 ab	20.33 ± 0.13 a	578.33 ± 15.69 a
		T3	307.20 ± 18.52 a	142.92 ± 5.47 a	65.09 ± 1.05 a	19.60 ± 0.17 bc	440.00 ± 15.46 b
		T4	286.40 ± 7.95 a	100.27 ± 16.64 b	66.97 ± 1.11 a	19.20 ± 0.02 c	443.33 ± 24.19 b
		T5	294.40 ± 13.83 a	102.93 ± 11.84 b	59.02 ± 1.21 c	19.04 ± 0.06 c	390.00 ± 18.41 b
	Xiangyaxiangzhan	CK	297.60 ± 13.76 a	100.34 ± 0.67 a	61.81 ± 0.85 ab	19.78 ± 0.05 c	588.33 ± 11.14 ab
		T1	307.20 ± 11.76 a	108.30 ± 1.96 a	64.65 ± 1.12 a	20.95 ± 0.16 b	636.67 ± 24.19 a
		T2	321.60 ± 27.15 a	103.27 ± 0.87 a	65.26 ± 1.23 a	21.74 ± 0.07 a	644.33 ± 23.51 a
		T3	315.20 ± 21.74 a	106.09 ± 0.72 a	63.66 ± 1.29 ab	19.60 ± 0.11 c	550.00 ± 20.55 b
		T4	280.00 ± 6.91 a	105.37 ± 13.91 a	63.39 ± 0.88 ab	19.80 ± 0.20 c	546.67 ± 10.89 b
		T5	289.60 ± 3.46 a	106.51 ± 0.85 a	59.12 ± 1.25 b	20.53 ± 0.16 b	556.67 ± 11.86 b

Fig. 4. Effects of foliar application of sodium iodide on aromatic rice leaves in 2021 and 2022. CK, Foliar spray with distilled water; T1‒T5, Foliar spray with 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, and 0.100% sodium iodide, respectively.

Fig. 5. Correlation analysis (A) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of investigated parameters in 2021 (B) and 2022 (C). I, Iodine; Na, Sodium; 2-AP, 2-Acetyl- 1-pyrroline; P5C, 1-Pyrroline-5- carboxylic acid; Pro, Proline; Pyr, 1-Pyrroline; MT, Methylglyoxal; ProDH, Proline dehydrogenase; CRR, Chalky grain rate; CA, Chalkiness area; CD, Chalkiness degree; GY, Grain yield; PN, Panicle number per m2; GN, Grain number per panicle; FGP, Filled-grain rate; GW, 1000- grain weight; NPR, Net photosynthetic rate; TR, Transpiration rate; ICO2, Intercellular CO2 concentration; SC, Stomatal conductance; Chl, Chlorophyll content; Caro, Carotenoid content; Tchl, Total chlorophyll content; 7d, 7 d after spraying; 14d, 14 d after spraying; 21d, 21 d after spraying; L, Leaves; G, Grains. The presence of color indicates a significant level of correlation (P < 0.05).

Fig. 6. Pathways of related parameters impacting 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content and grain yield.

Fig. 7. Mechanism of foliar application of sodium iodide (NaI) affecting grain iodine, aroma, appearance quality, and yield. CK, Foliar spray with distilled water; T1‒T5, Foliar spray with 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, and 0.100% odium iodide, respectively; 2-AP, 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline; MX, Meixiangzhan 2; XY, Xiangyaxiangzhan.

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