Probit Analysis of Carbamate-Pesticide-Toxicity at Soil-Water Interface to N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp

doi:10.1016/S1672-6308(14)60281-X

Abstract

Abstract:

Toxicity-data of two carbamate insecticides, carbaryl and carbofuran, and three fungicides, ziram, zineb and mancozeb with rice-field N₂-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp., obtained by in vitro growth and at soil-water interface, were analyzed by the probit method. Growth enhancing concentration, no-observed effective concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration, the highest permissive concentration and lethal concentration₁₀₀(LC₁₀₀) were determined experimentally. The LC₅₀ values of carbaryl, carbofuran, ziram, zineb and mancozeb in N₂-fixing liquid medium were 56.2, 588.8, 0.07, 4.2 and 3.4 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the corresponding LC₁₀₀ values were 100.0, 1500.0, 0.17, 25.0 and 9.0 µg/mL, respectively. The LC₅₀ values of these pesticides in succession in N₂-fixing agar medium were 44.7, 239.9, 0.07, 1.8 and 2.3 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the corresponding LC₁₀₀ values were 100.0, 600.0, 0.17, 10.0 and 7.0 µg/mL, respectively. Similar results with nitrate supplemented liquid and agar media indicated that nitrate supplementation had toxicity reducing effect. The LC₅₀ and LC₁₀₀ values of toxicity in the N₂-fixing liquid medium at soil-water interface were 91.2 and 200.0 µg/mL for carbaryl, 2 317 and 6 000 µg/mL for carbofuran, 0.15 and 0.50 µg/mL for ziram, 16.4 and 50.0 µg/mL for zineb, and 7.2 and 25.0 µg/mL for mancozeb, respectively. Each LC₁₀₀ value at soil-water interface with a pesticide was significantly higher than its corresponding LC₁₀₀ value at liquid/agar media. It can be concluded that, under the N₂-fixing conditions, the cyanobacterium tolerated higher levels of each pesticide at soil-water interface.

Key words: carbamate pesticide, Cylindrospermum sp., cyanobacterium, lethal concentration, probit analysis, soil-water interface

N. Padhy Rabindra, Rath Shakti. Probit Analysis of Carbamate-Pesticide-Toxicity at Soil-Water Interface to N₂-Fixing Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp[J]. Rice Science, 2015, 22(2): 89-98.

Figures/Tables 4

References 38

1	Bambaradeniya C N B, Amerasinghe F P.2003. Biodiversity Associated with the Rice Field Agroecosystem in Asian Countries: A Brief Review. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute, Working Paper 63.
2	Bhunia A K, Roy D, Banerjee S K.1993. Carbaryl-induced effects on glutathione content, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activity of the cyanobacteriumNostoc muscorum. Lett Appl Microbiol, 16: 10-13.
3	Brusslan J, Haselkorn R.1988. Molecular genetics of herbicide resistance in cyanobacteria.Photosynth Res, 17: 115-124.
4	Dean R, VanKan J A L, Pretorius Z A, Hammond-Kosack K E, Di Pietro A, Spanu P D, Rudd J J, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster G D.2012. The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology.Mol Plant Pathol, 13: 414-430.
5	Debnath M, Mandal N C, Ray S.2012. Effect of fungicides and insecticides on growth and enzyme activity of four cyanobacteria.Ind J Microbiol, 52: 275-280.
6	Ferrero A, Tinarelli A.2007. Rice cultivation in the E.U. ecological conditions and agronomical practices. In: Capri E, Karpouzas D G. Pesticide Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 1-24.
7	Galhano V, Gomes L, Eduardo F V, Videira R, Peixoto F.2011. Impact of herbicides on non-target organisms in sustainable irrigated rice production systems: State of knowledge and future Prospects. In: Kortekamp A. Herbicides and Environment. Croatia: Intech: 45-72.
8	Gray J S.2002. Biomagniﬁcation in marine systems: The perspective of an ecologist.Mar Pollut Bull, 45: 46-52.
9	Habib K, Kumar S, Manikar N, Zutshi S, Fatma T.2011. Biochemical effect of carbaryl on oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes of cyanobacterium Calothrix brevissima.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 87: 615-620.
10	Kar S, Singh P K.1978. Toxicity of carbofuran to blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 20: 707-714.
11	Kim J D, Lee C G.2006. Diversity of heterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from rice paddy fields and their differential susceptibility to ten fungicides used in Korea.J Microbiol Biotech, 16: 240-246.
12	Koenig F.2001. Eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria and pesticides. In: Rai L C, Gaur J P. Algal Adaptation to Environmental Stresses: Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. Berlin: Springer: 389-406.
13	Ma J Y.2005. Differential sensitivity of three cyanobacterial and five green algal species to organotins and pyrethroids pesticides.Sci Total Environ, 341: 109-117.
14	Ma J Y, Lu N H, Qin W D, Xu R F, Wang Y B, Chen X N.2006. Differential responses of eight cyanobacterial and green algal species, to carbamate insecticides.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 63: 268-274.
15	Megharaj M, Rao A P, Rao A S, Venkateswarlu K.1990. Interaction effects of carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, towards three isolates of microalgae from rice soil.Agric Ecosys Environ, 31: 293-300.
16	Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R.2011. Effects of carbaryl and 1-naphthol on soil population of cyanobacteria and microalgae and select cultures of diazotrophic cyanobacteria.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 87: 324-329.
17	Millner P D, Olenchock S A, Epstein E, Haines R J, Walker L, Ooi B L, Horne E, Maritato M.1994. Bioaerosols associated with composting facilities.Compost Sci Util, 2: 6-47.
18	Mishra M, Maharana S, Padhy R N.2005. Monitoring of chemical fertilizers on toxicity of carbamate fungicides to the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermum sp.Fresenius Environ Bull, 14: 788-794.
19	Nirmal Kumar J I, Bora A, Amb M K, Kumar R N.2011. An evaluation of pesticide stress induced proteins in three cyanobacterial species Anabaena fertilissima, Aulosira fertilissima and Westiellopsis prolifica using SDS-PAGE.Adv Environ Biol, 5: 739-745.
20	Nirmal Kumar J I, Bora A, Kumar R N, Amb M K.2012. Differential effects of agricultural pesticides endosulfan and tebuconazole on photosynthetic pigments, metabolism and assimilating enzymes of three heterotrophic, filamentous cyanobacteria.J Biol Environ Sci, 6: 67-75.
21	Nirmal Kumar J I, Bora A, Kumar R N, Amb M K, Khan S.2013. Toxicity analysis of pesticides on cyanobacterial species by 16S rDNA molecular characterization.Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci, 3: 101-132.
22	Othma R, Naher U A, Yusoff S Z.2013. Effect of urea-N on growth and indole acetic acid production of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sb16) isolated from rice growing soils in Malaysia. Chilean J Agric Res, 73: 187-192.
23	Padhy R N.1985a. Cyanobacteria and pesticides.Resid Rev, 95: 1-44.
24	Padhy R N.1985b. Agriculture and environment: Cyanobacteria employed as fertilizers and waste disposers.Nature (London), 317: 475-476.
25	Padhy R N, Nayak N, Rath S.2014. Antagonism at combined effects of chemical fertilizer and carbamate insecticides on the rice field N2-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp. in vitro.Interdisc Toxicol, 7: 101-107.
26	Panigrahy K C, Padhy R N.2000. Toxicity of carbamate pesticides to cells, heterocysts and akinetes of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp.Algol Stud, 99: 95-115.
27	Panigrahi S, Padhy S N, Padhy R N.2003. Toxicity of methyl parathion to cells, heterocysts and akinetes of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp. and probit analysis of toxicity.Ann Appl Biol, 143: 195-202.
28	Pathak M D, Khan Z R.1994. Insect Pests of Rice. Phillipines: International Rice Research Institute.
29	Pattnaik U, Singh P K.1978. Effect of nitrate nitrogen of the growth, heterocyst differentiation and nitrogen fixation in rice blue-green alga Gloeotrichia sp.Algol Studies, 20: 318-327.
30	Pipe A E.1992. Pesticide effects on soil algae and cyanobacteria.Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 127: 95-170.
31	Prasanna R, Sharma E, Sharma P, Kumar A, Kumar R, Gupta V, Pal R K, Shivay Y S, Nain L.2013. Soil fertility and establishment potential of inoculated cyanobacteria in rice crop grown under non-flooded conditions.Paddy Water Environ, 11: 175-183.
32	Rath S, Sahu M C, Dubey D, Debata N K, Padhy R N.2011. Which values should be used as the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) with bacteria?Inter-Disciplin Sci-Comput Life Sci, 3: 138-143.
33	Swaminathan M S.1984. Rice.Sci Am, 250: 81-93.
34	Subramanian G, Sekar S, Sampoornam S.1994. Biodegradation and utilization of organophosphorus pesticides by cyanobacteria.Int Biodegrad Biodetertor, 33: 129-143.
35	USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. The National Survey of Mercury Concentrations in Fish: Data Base Summary 1990-1995. EPA Publication 823-R-99-014, U.S. EPA: Washington, DC. www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/mercurydata. html.
36	Ware G W, Whitacre D M.2004. The Pesticide Book. 6th ed. Cornell University, US: Meister Pro Information Resources: 1-488.
37	Whitton B A, Aziz A, Francis P, Rother J A, Simon J W, Tahmida Z N.1988. Ecology of deepwater rice-fields in Bangladesh: 1. Physical and chemical environment.Hidrobiol, 169: 3-67.
38	Zeigler R S, Barclay A.2008. The relevance of rice.Rice, 1: 3-10.

Pesticide	Medium	Liquid culture						Agar medium
		GEC	NOEC	Partial lethal range		LC₁₀₀		HPC	LC₁₀₀
		GEC	NOEC	MIC	HPC	LC₁₀₀		HPC	LC₁₀₀
Carbaryl	C-N	NO	10	20	80	100	80		100
Carbaryl	C+N	NO	10	20	100	120	80		100
Carbofuran	C-N	25	50	100	1 500	2 000	500		600
Carbofuran	C+N	25	50	100	2 000	3 000	500		600
Ziram	C-N	0.01	0.02	0.5	0.13	0.17	0.15		0.17
Ziram	C+N	0.01	0.02	0.5	0.13	0.2	0.15		0.17
Zineb	C-N	NO	0.5	1	15	25	5		10
Zineb	C+N	NO	0.5	5	20	30	5		10
Mancozeb	C-N	NO	0.5	1	7	9	5		7
Mancozeb	C+N	NO	0.5	1	7	9	5		7

Pesticide	Medium	Liquid culture						Agar medium
		GEC	NOEC	Partial lethal range		LC₁₀₀		HPC	LC₁₀₀
		GEC	NOEC	MIC	HPC	LC₁₀₀		HPC	LC₁₀₀
Carbaryl	C-N	NO	10	20	80	100	80		100
Carbaryl	C+N	NO	10	20	100	120	80		100
Carbofuran	C-N	25	50	100	1 500	2 000	500		600
Carbofuran	C+N	25	50	100	2 000	3 000	500		600
Ziram	C-N	0.01	0.02	0.5	0.13	0.17	0.15		0.17
Ziram	C+N	0.01	0.02	0.5	0.13	0.2	0.15		0.17
Zineb	C-N	NO	0.5	1	15	25	5		10
Zineb	C+N	NO	0.5	5	20	30	5		10
Mancozeb	C-N	NO	0.5	1	7	9	5		7
Mancozeb	C+N	NO	0.5	1	7	9	5		7

Pesticide	Medium	Lethal range in liquid medium				Lethal range in agar medium				Lethality in soil-water interface
Pesticide	Medium	LC₂₅	LC₅₀	LC₇₅	LC₁₀₀	LC₂₅	LC₅₀	LC₇₅	LC₁₀₀	LC₅₀	LC₁₀₀
Carbaryl	C-N	28.2 (1.45)	56.2 (1.75)	58.9 (1.77)	100	27.5 (1.44)	44.7 (1.65)	67.6 (1.83)	100	91.2	200
Carbaryl	C+N	33.9 (1.53)	43.7 (1.64)	-	120	34.7 (1.54)	55.0 (1.74)	70.8 (1.85)	100	-	-
Carbofuran	C-N	158.5 (2.20)	588.8 (2.77)	-	1 500.0	147.9 (2.17)	239.9 (2.38)	363.1 (2.56)	600	2 317.0 (3.36)	6 000.0
Carbofuran	C+N	123.0 (2.09)	288.4 (2.46)	758.8 (2.88)	2 000.0	147.9 (2.17)	223.9 (2.35)	338.8 (2.53)	600	-	-
Ziram	C-N	0.05 (-1.35)	0.07 (-1.15)	-	0.17	0.05 (-1.29)	0.07 (-1.12)	-	0.17	0.15 (-0.82)	0.5
Ziram	C+N	0.04 (-1.35)	0.08 (-1.06)	-	0.2	0.04 (-1.38)	0.07 (-1.12)	-	0.17	-	-
Zineb	C-N	1.6 (0.20)	4.2 (0.62)	13.5 (1.13)	25	1.5 (0.16)	1.8 (0.25)	3.2 (0.50)	10	16.4 (1.21)	50
Zineb	C+N	-	13.4 (1.13)	-	30	1.5 (0.17)	1.8 (0.26)	3.0 (0.47)	10	-	-
Mancozeb	C-N	2.3 (0.37)	3.4 (0.53)	4.8 (0.68)	9	0.9 (0.09)	2.3 (0.37)	3.3 (0.52)	7	7.2 (0.86)	25
Mancozeb	C+N	2.6 (0.42)	4.2 (0.62)	5.6 (0.75)	9	1.3 (0.10)	2.0 (0.31)	3.0 (0.47)	7	-	-

Pesticide	Medium	Lethal range in liquid medium				Lethal range in agar medium				Lethality in soil-water interface
Pesticide	Medium	LC₂₅	LC₅₀	LC₇₅	LC₁₀₀	LC₂₅	LC₅₀	LC₇₅	LC₁₀₀	LC₅₀	LC₁₀₀
Carbaryl	C-N	28.2 (1.45)	56.2 (1.75)	58.9 (1.77)	100	27.5 (1.44)	44.7 (1.65)	67.6 (1.83)	100	91.2	200
Carbaryl	C+N	33.9 (1.53)	43.7 (1.64)	-	120	34.7 (1.54)	55.0 (1.74)	70.8 (1.85)	100	-	-
Carbofuran	C-N	158.5 (2.20)	588.8 (2.77)	-	1 500.0	147.9 (2.17)	239.9 (2.38)	363.1 (2.56)	600	2 317.0 (3.36)	6 000.0
Carbofuran	C+N	123.0 (2.09)	288.4 (2.46)	758.8 (2.88)	2 000.0	147.9 (2.17)	223.9 (2.35)	338.8 (2.53)	600	-	-
Ziram	C-N	0.05 (-1.35)	0.07 (-1.15)	-	0.17	0.05 (-1.29)	0.07 (-1.12)	-	0.17	0.15 (-0.82)	0.5
Ziram	C+N	0.04 (-1.35)	0.08 (-1.06)	-	0.2	0.04 (-1.38)	0.07 (-1.12)	-	0.17	-	-
Zineb	C-N	1.6 (0.20)	4.2 (0.62)	13.5 (1.13)	25	1.5 (0.16)	1.8 (0.25)	3.2 (0.50)	10	16.4 (1.21)	50
Zineb	C+N	-	13.4 (1.13)	-	30	1.5 (0.17)	1.8 (0.26)	3.0 (0.47)	10	-	-
Mancozeb	C-N	2.3 (0.37)	3.4 (0.53)	4.8 (0.68)	9	0.9 (0.09)	2.3 (0.37)	3.3 (0.52)	7	7.2 (0.86)	25
Mancozeb	C+N	2.6 (0.42)	4.2 (0.62)	5.6 (0.75)	9	1.3 (0.10)	2.0 (0.31)	3.0 (0.47)	7	-	-

Pesticide	Pesticide (log₁₀ concentration) (µg/mL)	Number of colonies on C-N agar		Probit of percent lethality
Pesticide	Pesticide (log₁₀ concentration) (µg/mL)	Higher inoculation	Lower inoculation	Probit of percent lethality
Carbaryl	0	CG	224 (0.0)	-
(inocula on filter paper: 3.6 × 10³ and 1.8 × 10³ CFU/mL)	40 (1.60)	CG	201 (10.3)	3.7354
	80 (1.90)	CG	172 (23.3)	4.271
	120 (2.08)	258	83 (63.0)	5.3319
	160 (2.20)	106	41 (81.7)	5.904
	180 (2.26)	19	7 (96.9)	6.8663
	200	0	0	-
Carbofuran	0	CG	235 (0.0)	-
(inocula on filter paper: 4.0 × 10³ and 2.0 × 10³ CFU/mL)	1 000 (3.00)	CG	220 (6.4)	3.478
	2 000 (3.30)	CG	117 (50.3)	5.0075
	3 000 (3.48)	CG	85 (63.9)	5.3558
	4 000 (3.60)	102	51 (78.3)	5.7824
	4 500 (3.65)	56	35 (85.2)	6.045
	5 000 (3.70)	12	2 (99.2)	-
	6 000	0	0	-
Ziram	0	CG	207 (0.0)	-
(inocula on filter paper: 3.8 × 10³ and 1.4 × 10³ CFU/mL)	0.10 (-1.00)	CG	183 (11.6)	3.8048
	0.15 (-0.82)	CG	91 (56.1)	5.1535
	0.20 (-0.70)	78	43 (79.3)	5.8169
	0.30 (-0.52)	47	21 (89.9)	6.2759
	0.40 (-0.40)	3	0	-
	0.5	0	0	-
Zineb	0	CG	221 (0.0)	-
(inocula on filter paper: 3.2 × 10³ and 1.6 × 10³ CFU/mL)	10 (1.00)	CG	179 (19.1)	4.1258
	20 (1.30)	167	92 (58.4)	5.2121
	30 (1.47)	62	26 (88.3)	6.1901
	40 (1.60)	34	12 (94.6)	-
	50	0	0	-
Mancozeb	0	CG	243 (0.0)	-
(inocula on filter paper: 4.1 × 10³ and 2.0 × 10³ CFU/mL)	5 (0.70)	CG	158 (35.0)	4.6147
	10 (1.00)	214	93 (61.8)	5.3002
	15 (1.18)	105	63 (74.1)	5.6464
	20 (1.30)	23	17 (93.1)	6.3469
	25	0	0	-

Probit Analysis of Carbamate-Pesticide-Toxicity at Soil-Water Interface to N₂-Fixing Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 38

Related Articles 0

Recommended Articles

Metrics