Rice Science ›› 2019, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6): 356-371.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2019.02.002
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Nadeem Faisal1, Farooq Muhammad1,2()
Received:
2018-08-01
Accepted:
2019-02-08
Online:
2019-11-28
Published:
2019-08-19
Nadeem Faisal, Farooq Muhammad. Application of Micronutrients in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia[J]. Rice Science, 2019, 26(6): 356-371.
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Fig. 1. Uptake mechanism of zinc, boron and manganese from soil to plant.Plant uptakes Zn as Zn2+, B as B(OH)3 and Mn as Mn2+ from soil solution. Uptake of these micronutrients is influenced by soil physio-chemical properties such as soil pH, organic matter, soil moisture, soil temperature and soil micro biota. Phytosiderophores secreted by plant roots, microbes and organic molecule increase the mobility of Zn and Mn to plant. Plant uptakes Zn via ZIP transporters, B movement occur through BOR transporter facilitated by NIP5;1 channels, and Mn via membrane transporters IRT1, NRAMP1 and YS1, YSL6 through symplastic (cell to cell) and apoplastic pathway (movement via extra-cellular spaces). (I) Using these transporters, Zn, B and Mn enter into epidermis and then cortex. (II) To enter the xylem, Zn, B, Mn must pass through casparian strip. ZIP transporter, NIP5;1 and YSL2 have role in the mobilization of these nutrients from cortex to endodermis and then pericycle. (III) Casparian strip present in endodermis obstruct the uptake of nutrients directly from root apoplast. (IV) Xylem loading of Zn, B and Mn takes place via HMA pumps, BOR1 and ZIP2, respectively. (V) ZIP, YSL and YS/YSL transporters have role in movement and translocation of Zn and B from xylem to phloem. (VI) B accumulation in leaf occurs through transpirational pull. Symplastic movement depict solute movement from cell to cell, whereas, apoplastic refers to movement through extracellular spaces.
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain Zn concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | ZnSO4 | 0.3% | Calcareous | 11.87 | 14.47 | |
Seed priming | ZnSO4 | 0.1 mol/L | Sandy clay loam | - | 5-7 | ||
Seed priming | ZnSO4∙H2O | 0.004 mol/L | - | 900 | - | ||
Soil | ZnSO4 | 25 kg/hm2 | Loam | 11-29 | - | ||
Soil | Zinc-enriched urea | - | Sandy clay loam | 21-31 | 20-26 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 20% | - | 144-195 | - | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4∙H2O | 0.02%-0.06% | Sandy clay loam | 6-17 | 8-15 | ||
Foliage | ZnCl2 (10% Zn) | 54-216 g/hm2 | Clayey silt | - | 4-14 | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4 | 20 g/L | Silty loam | - | 14.2 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 1.25-1.50 g/kg | Sandy loam | 21-27 | 33-55 | ||
Seed coating | ZnCl2 | 1.25-1.50 g/kg | Sandy loam | 27-35 | 41 | ||
Rice | Seed priming | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 0.5 mol/L | Sandy loam | 24.13 | ||
Seed priming | ZnSO4 | - | - | - | 15-18 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 10 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | - | 31-40 | ||
Soil | Zn-EDTA | 20 kg/hm2 | - | 12.3 | - | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 10 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 59.6 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 5-15 kg/hm2 | Loam | - | 20-60 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4 | 11.2 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 18.3 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 13.5 kg/hm2 | - | - | 18.5 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | - | Silt clayey | - | 13-25 | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 0.5% | Sandy loam | - | 25-40 | ||
Foliage | Zn-EDTA | - | Silt loam | - | 24.9 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 2 g/kg | Sandy loam | - | 26-28 | ||
Seed coating | ZnO coated urea prills | 0.5%-1.0% | Sandy clay loam | 4-16 | 11-19 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4 coated urea prills | 1%-2% | Sandy clay loam | 13-48 | 18-30 |
Table 1 Effects of Zn nutrition on grain yield of rice and wheat crop.
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain Zn concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | ZnSO4 | 0.3% | Calcareous | 11.87 | 14.47 | |
Seed priming | ZnSO4 | 0.1 mol/L | Sandy clay loam | - | 5-7 | ||
Seed priming | ZnSO4∙H2O | 0.004 mol/L | - | 900 | - | ||
Soil | ZnSO4 | 25 kg/hm2 | Loam | 11-29 | - | ||
Soil | Zinc-enriched urea | - | Sandy clay loam | 21-31 | 20-26 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 20% | - | 144-195 | - | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4∙H2O | 0.02%-0.06% | Sandy clay loam | 6-17 | 8-15 | ||
Foliage | ZnCl2 (10% Zn) | 54-216 g/hm2 | Clayey silt | - | 4-14 | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4 | 20 g/L | Silty loam | - | 14.2 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 1.25-1.50 g/kg | Sandy loam | 21-27 | 33-55 | ||
Seed coating | ZnCl2 | 1.25-1.50 g/kg | Sandy loam | 27-35 | 41 | ||
Rice | Seed priming | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 0.5 mol/L | Sandy loam | 24.13 | ||
Seed priming | ZnSO4 | - | - | - | 15-18 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 10 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | - | 31-40 | ||
Soil | Zn-EDTA | 20 kg/hm2 | - | 12.3 | - | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 10 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 59.6 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 5-15 kg/hm2 | Loam | - | 20-60 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4 | 11.2 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 18.3 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 13.5 kg/hm2 | - | - | 18.5 | ||
Soil | ZnSO4∙7H2O | - | Silt clayey | - | 13-25 | ||
Foliage | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 0.5% | Sandy loam | - | 25-40 | ||
Foliage | Zn-EDTA | - | Silt loam | - | 24.9 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4∙7H2O | 2 g/kg | Sandy loam | - | 26-28 | ||
Seed coating | ZnO coated urea prills | 0.5%-1.0% | Sandy clay loam | 4-16 | 11-19 | ||
Seed coating | ZnSO4 coated urea prills | 1%-2% | Sandy clay loam | 13-48 | 18-30 |
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain B concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | Na2B4O7 | 0.01-0.05 mol/L | Sandy loam | 28-38 | 21-64 | |
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.1% | Silt loam | - | 18.6 | ||
Seed priming | - | 0.008 mol/L | - | - | 2122 | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7∙10H2O | 1 kg/hm2 | - | - | 10 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 1.5 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 37.8 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 0.75-3.00 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | 30-59 | 22-48 | ||
Soil | - | 5-10 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | - | 59-129 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.4% | Silt loam | - | 36-40 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 30 g/L | - | 93.7 | |||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 175 g/hm2 | - | - | 9-15 | ||
Rice | Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.01 mol/L | Sandy loam | 36-43 | 11-27 | |
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.01 mol/L | Sandy loam | 26-36 | 15-18 | ||
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.001%-0.010% | Sandy loam | 33-47 | 12-34 | ||
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.008 mol/L | - | 600 | - | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 1-3 kg/hm2 | Silt clay loam | 56-89 | 17-28 | ||
Soil | Ca2B6O11∙5H2O | 1-3 kg/hm2 | Silty clay | 17-67 | 5-21 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 1 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | 23-37 | 9-22 | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7∙10H2O | 1 kg/hm2 | - | - | 31 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.2-0.6 mg/kg | Silty clay | - | 3-4 | ||
Foliage | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 1.5% | Silty clay | - | 8-10 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 200 mmol/L | Sandy loam | 29-62 | 19-23 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 200 mmol/L | Sandy loam | 62 | 10 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.16-0.48 mol/L | Sandy loam | 20-65 | 5-20 | ||
Seed coating | H3BO3 | 1-3 g/kg | Sandy loam | 5-42 | 5-20 |
Table 2 Effects of B nutrition on the grain yield and grain B concentration of rice and wheat crop.
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain B concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | Na2B4O7 | 0.01-0.05 mol/L | Sandy loam | 28-38 | 21-64 | |
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.1% | Silt loam | - | 18.6 | ||
Seed priming | - | 0.008 mol/L | - | - | 2122 | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7∙10H2O | 1 kg/hm2 | - | - | 10 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 1.5 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | - | 37.8 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 0.75-3.00 kg/hm2 | Silt loam | 30-59 | 22-48 | ||
Soil | - | 5-10 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | - | 59-129 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.4% | Silt loam | - | 36-40 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 30 g/L | - | 93.7 | |||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 175 g/hm2 | - | - | 9-15 | ||
Rice | Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.01 mol/L | Sandy loam | 36-43 | 11-27 | |
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.01 mol/L | Sandy loam | 26-36 | 15-18 | ||
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.001%-0.010% | Sandy loam | 33-47 | 12-34 | ||
Seed priming | H3BO3 | 0.008 mol/L | - | 600 | - | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 1-3 kg/hm2 | Silt clay loam | 56-89 | 17-28 | ||
Soil | Ca2B6O11∙5H2O | 1-3 kg/hm2 | Silty clay | 17-67 | 5-21 | ||
Soil | H3BO3 | 1 kg/hm2 | Sandy loam | 23-37 | 9-22 | ||
Soil | Na2B4O7∙10H2O | 1 kg/hm2 | - | - | 31 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.2-0.6 mg/kg | Silty clay | - | 3-4 | ||
Foliage | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 1.5% | Silty clay | - | 8-10 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 200 mmol/L | Sandy loam | 29-62 | 19-23 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 200 mmol/L | Sandy loam | 62 | 10 | ||
Foliage | H3BO3 | 0.16-0.48 mol/L | Sandy loam | 20-65 | 5-20 | ||
Seed coating | H3BO3 | 1-3 g/kg | Sandy loam | 5-42 | 5-20 |
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain Mn concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | MnSO4 | 0.01-0.10 mol/L | Clay loam | 30-67 | 10 | |
Seed priming | MnSO4 | 0.02%-0.20% | Sandy loam | 53-106 | 4-23 | ||
Soil | MnSO4 | 10-40 kg/hm2 | Loamy sand | 17-40 | 48-78 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 0.75 mol/L | Clay loam | 1.7 | 2.4-63 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 1% | Loamy sand | 32.32 | 74.07 | ||
Foliage | - | 0.5% | Sandy loam | 7 | 2-4 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 0.5% | Sandy | 73.60 | 28.47 | ||
Seed coating | MnSO4 | 250-500 g/kg | Clay loam | 22-70 | 4-9 | ||
Rice | Soil | - | - | - | - | 7.3 | |
Soil | MnSO4 | 5 kg/hm2 | Sandy clay loam | - | 4.4 | ||
- | MnSO4∙7H2O | 25-50 mg/kg | Sandy silt | 15-26 | 18-28 |
Table 3 Effects of Mn nutrition on the grain yield and grain Mn concentration of rice and wheat crop.
Crop | Application method | Source | Application rate | Soil texture | Increase in grain Mn concentration (%) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Seed priming | MnSO4 | 0.01-0.10 mol/L | Clay loam | 30-67 | 10 | |
Seed priming | MnSO4 | 0.02%-0.20% | Sandy loam | 53-106 | 4-23 | ||
Soil | MnSO4 | 10-40 kg/hm2 | Loamy sand | 17-40 | 48-78 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 0.75 mol/L | Clay loam | 1.7 | 2.4-63 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 1% | Loamy sand | 32.32 | 74.07 | ||
Foliage | - | 0.5% | Sandy loam | 7 | 2-4 | ||
Foliage | MnSO4 | 0.5% | Sandy | 73.60 | 28.47 | ||
Seed coating | MnSO4 | 250-500 g/kg | Clay loam | 22-70 | 4-9 | ||
Rice | Soil | - | - | - | - | 7.3 | |
Soil | MnSO4 | 5 kg/hm2 | Sandy clay loam | - | 4.4 | ||
- | MnSO4∙7H2O | 25-50 mg/kg | Sandy silt | 15-26 | 18-28 |
Nutrient | Source | Soil texture | Application rate | Year of residual effect | Crop applied | Residual nutrient (mg/kg) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.26 | 4.3 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 10 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.37 | 5.5 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 15 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.44 | 8.3 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙7H2O | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 20.4-23.2 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 15.4-18.4 | |
Zn | ZnO | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 6.5-6.8 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙7H2O + ZnO | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 11.0-12.4 | |
Zn | EDTA-chelated Zn | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 29.3-30.8 | |
B | - | - | 1 kg/hm2 | Second year | Wheat | - | 36.8 | |
B | - | - | 2 kg/hm2 | Second year | Wheat | - | 48.8 |
Table 4 Influence of residual Zn and B on the grain yield of rice and wheat crop under rice-wheat cropping system.
Nutrient | Source | Soil texture | Application rate | Year of residual effect | Crop applied | Residual nutrient (mg/kg) | Increase in grain yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.26 | 4.3 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 10 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.37 | 5.5 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Clay loam | 15 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | 1.44 | 8.3 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙7H2O | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 20.4-23.2 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙H2O | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 15.4-18.4 | |
Zn | ZnO | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 6.5-6.8 | |
Zn | ZnSO4∙7H2O + ZnO | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 11.0-12.4 | |
Zn | EDTA-chelated Zn | Sandy clay loam | 5 kg/hm2 | Second year | Rice | - | 29.3-30.8 | |
B | - | - | 1 kg/hm2 | Second year | Wheat | - | 36.8 | |
B | - | - | 2 kg/hm2 | Second year | Wheat | - | 48.8 |
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