Weed Management in Rainfed Upland Rice Fields under Varied Agro-Ecologies in Nigeria

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2021.11.004

Abstract

Abstract:

The demand for rice to meet the dietary need in low-income countries is expected to witness an exponential rise as the population increases. Meeting the rice demand domestically has remained challenging due to significant yield loss caused by several biotic and abiotic factors. Among these factors, one of the most important is the high weed pressure that ravages the upland rice ecology. In Nigeria, several independent weed control techniques, such as physical, chemical and cultural methods, have been recommended and adopted for weed control across varying rice upland ecologies. However, outcomes of these approaches when used independently have not consistently led to an increase in yield. There remains an outstanding deficit between the actual yield and the potential rice yield. This review aimed to identify potential research gaps, and quest effective and sustainable weed management strategies in smallholder upland rice farming systems in Nigeria. A critical analysis of studies suggests the potential of sustainable weed management practices if adopted and adapted smartly in different upland ecologies in Nigeria. Competitiveness of upland rice against weeds can be enhanced through strategic integration of weed competitive cultivars, optimum nitrogen application timings (within weed-free periods), uniform plant spacing, and high seeding rates, with conventional herbicide/manual weed control practices. However, such management practices can only be engaged where inputs are supplied on time and the technical know-how is extended to farmers. The review equally highlights potential research gaps for further studies.

Key words: herbicide, integrated weed management, weed flora, tillage practice, rainfed upland rice

Oyebanji O. Alagbo, Oluyemisi A. Akinyemiju, Bhagirath S. Chauhan. Weed Management in Rainfed Upland Rice Fields under Varied Agro-Ecologies in Nigeria[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(4): 328-339.

Figures/Tables 4

References 87

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Prominent weed	Class of weed	Life cycle	Agroecological zone
Prominent weed	Class of weed	Life cycle	SGS	SSR	SWR	SER	NGS
Acanthospermum hispidium DC.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	+
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Amaranthus spinosus L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & Robinson	Broadleaved	Perennial	-	-	+	-	-
Commelina diffusa Burm. F.	Broadleaved	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Crotalaria retusa L.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	-	-	+
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Cyperus rotundus L.	Sedge	Perennial	+	-	-	-	-
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Digitaria horizontalis Wild	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link	Grass	Annual	+	-	-	-	-
Eleusine indica Gaertn.	Grass	Annual	-	-	-	+	+
Euphobia heterophylla L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Panicum maximum Jacq.	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Panicum repens L.	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Paspalum orbiculare Forst	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach	Grass	Perennial	-	-	+	-	-
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Solanum nigrum L.	Broadleaved	Annual/Biennial	-	-	-	-	+
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Wild	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	-
Tridax procumbens L.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	-

Prominent weed	Class of weed	Life cycle	Agroecological zone
Prominent weed	Class of weed	Life cycle	SGS	SSR	SWR	SER	NGS
Acanthospermum hispidium DC.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	+
Ageratum conyzoides L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Amaranthus spinosus L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & Robinson	Broadleaved	Perennial	-	-	+	-	-
Commelina diffusa Burm. F.	Broadleaved	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Crotalaria retusa L.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	-	-	+
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Cyperus rotundus L.	Sedge	Perennial	+	-	-	-	-
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Digitaria horizontalis Wild	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link	Grass	Annual	+	-	-	-	-
Eleusine indica Gaertn.	Grass	Annual	-	-	-	+	+
Euphobia heterophylla L.	Broadleaved	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Panicum maximum Jacq.	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Panicum repens L.	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Paspalum orbiculare Forst	Grass	Perennial	+	+	+	+	+
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach	Grass	Perennial	-	-	+	-	-
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton	Grass	Annual	+	+	+	+	+
Solanum nigrum L.	Broadleaved	Annual/Biennial	-	-	-	-	+
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Wild	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	-
Tridax procumbens L.	Broadleaved	Annual	-	-	+	-	-

Common name	Recommended dose	Timing	Agro-ecological zone	Reference
Bispyribac sodium	40 g/L	POST	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Butachlor	1.0 kg/hm²	PRE	Abeokuta, FST-SW	Adigun et al, 2017
	1.5 kg/hm²	PRE	Sudan Savanna Kano	Yawale et al, 2020
Glyphosate	1.44 kg/hm²	Pre-plant	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Oxadiargyl	320 g/L	PRE	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Prapanil + 2,4-D	4.5 kg/hm²	POST	Sudan Savanna Kano	Yawale et al, 2020
	2.0 kg/hm²	POST/PRE	Abeokuta, FST-SW	Adigun et al, 2017; Kolo et al, 2020
	1.2 kg/hm² + 0.8 kg/hm²	POST	Samaru, NGS	Danmaigoro et al, 2015
	3.5 kg/hm²	POST	Badeggi, SGS	Ismaila et al, 2011
Pretilachlor + Pyribenzoxim	450 g/L + 30 g/L	POST	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012

Common name	Recommended dose	Timing	Agro-ecological zone	Reference
Bispyribac sodium	40 g/L	POST	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Butachlor	1.0 kg/hm²	PRE	Abeokuta, FST-SW	Adigun et al, 2017
	1.5 kg/hm²	PRE	Sudan Savanna Kano	Yawale et al, 2020
Glyphosate	1.44 kg/hm²	Pre-plant	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Oxadiargyl	320 g/L	PRE	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012
Prapanil + 2,4-D	4.5 kg/hm²	POST	Sudan Savanna Kano	Yawale et al, 2020
	2.0 kg/hm²	POST/PRE	Abeokuta, FST-SW	Adigun et al, 2017; Kolo et al, 2020
	1.2 kg/hm² + 0.8 kg/hm²	POST	Samaru, NGS	Danmaigoro et al, 2015
	3.5 kg/hm²	POST	Badeggi, SGS	Ismaila et al, 2011
Pretilachlor + Pyribenzoxim	450 g/L + 30 g/L	POST	Lafiagi, NGS	Usman, 2012

Common name	Mode of action	Group ^a	Family	Reference
Cinosulfuron	Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (acetohydroxyacid synthase)	2	Sulfonylurea	Adeosun et al, 1996; Adeosun and Lagoke, 2005
Pyribenzoxim	Inhibition of acetolactate synthase	2	Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate	Usman, 2012
Bispyribac sodium	Inhibition of acetolactate synthase	2	Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate	Usman, 2012
2,4-D	Action like indole acetic acid (synthetic auxins)	4	Phenoxy-carboxylic-acid	Ismaila et al, 2011; Adigun et al, 2017
Dimethametryn	Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	5	Triazine	Adeosun and Lagoke, 2005
Bentazon	Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	6	Benzothiadiazinone	Kehinde, 2002
Propanil	Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II	7	Amide	Obadoni and Remison, 2007; Adigun et al, 2017
Molinate	Inhibition of lipid synthesis, not ACCase inhibition	8	Thiocarbamate	Obadoni and Remison, 2007
Glyphosate	Inhibition of EPSP synthase	9	Glycine	Obadoni and Remison, 2007
Diflufenican	Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step	12	Pyridinecarboxamide	Adigun et al, 2005
Oxadiazon	Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase	14	Oxadiazole	Kehinde, 2002; Adeosun and Lagoke, 2005; Mahadi et al, 2006
Oxadiargyl	Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase	14	Oxadiazole	Usman, 2012
Butachlor	Inhibition of very long chain fatty acids (Inhibition of cell division)	15	Chloroacetamide	Adigun et al, 2017
Piperophos	Inhibition of very long chain fatty acids (Inhibition of cell division)	15	Other unclassified herbicides groups	Enyinnia, 1992; Adigun et al, 2005
Pretilachlor	Inhibition of very long chain fatty acids (Inhibition of cell division)	15	Chloroacetamide	Enyinnia, 1992
Paraquat	Photosystem-I-electron diversion	22	Bipyridylium	Obadoni and Remison, 2007