Rice Science ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 159-178.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.10.003
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Sujeevan Rajendran1, Hyeonseo Park1, Jiyoung Kim1, Soon Ju Park2, Dongjin Shin3, Jong-Hee Lee3, Young Hun Song4, Nam-Chon Paek5, Chul Min Kim1()
Received:
2023-07-27
Accepted:
2023-10-20
Online:
2024-03-28
Published:
2024-04-11
Contact:
Chul Min KIM (chulmin21@wku.ac.kr)
Sujeevan Rajendran, Hyeonseo Park, Jiyoung Kim, Soon Ju Park, Dongjin Shin, Jong-Hee Lee, Young Hun Song, Nam-Chon Paek, Chul Min Kim. Methane Emission from Rice Fields: Necessity for Molecular Approach for Mitigation[J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(2): 159-178.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
Fig. 1. Methane (CH4) production, oxidation, transmission and emission from rice fields. Deeper rice roots acquire oxygen (O2) from aerenchyma, which can be diffused into the soil. Exudates from rice roots provide a substrate for CH4 production. A fraction of the CH4 produced by methanogens escapes to the atmosphere by ebullition (not shown), while the majority travels through the aerenchyma and is released into the atmosphere. O2 in the soil is used by the methane oxidizers to oxidize CH4 produced by methanogens.
Fig. 2. Methane production in anaerobic soils. Organic compounds such as exudates and dead tissues are metabolized by methane-producing microorganisms, which contain specific enzymes for methanogenesis. These compounds are converted into simple acids, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide before being converted to methane.
Fig. 3. Methane emission and water consumption by rice crop. Methane production peeks around the heading and grain-filling stages, where the rice crop requires the major fraction of water.enzymes for methanogenesis. These compounds convert in the simple acids, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide before converting to methane.
Fig. 4. Model representing aerenchyma development and gas exchange between rice roots and soil. A, Oxygen transported by diffusion through the aerenchyma diffuses to the soil and methane is diffused into the aerenchyma and transported to the aerial tissues. Aerenchyma formation depends on auxin and ethylene activity under anaerobic conditions. B, Histological representation of cortical intracellular space (aerenchyma) formation by programmed cell death.
Method | Technique | Methane emission reduction | Yield | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water management | Optimizing drainage timing | 35%‒45% | No significant change | Souza et al, |
Multiple draining | 35% | Increased | Uno et al, | |
Draining | 57.8% | No change | Wu et al, | |
Alternate wetting and drying | Up to 49% | No change | Chidthaisong et al, | |
Biological control | Cable bacteria application | 93% | No data | Scholz et al, |
Purple nonsulfur bacteria application | 24%‒28% | Increased | Kantachote et al, | |
Azolla application | 12.3%‒25.3% | No change | Xu et al, | |
Soil amendment application | Biochar application | 38%‒41% | Increased | Nan et al, |
Biochar-based slow-release fertilizer treatment | 33.4% | No data | Dong et al, | |
Wood vinegar and biochar application | 35.3%‒42.6% | Increased | Feng et al, | |
Biochar application | 47.30%-86.43% | Increased | Dong et al, | |
Fertilizer management | Aerobic pre-digestion of green manured soil | 60% | No change | Lee et al, |
Combination | Dicyandiamide application and water control | 7%‒8% | No change | Liu et al, |
Alternate wetting and drying with biochar application | 18.8% | Increased | Sriphirom et al, |
Table 1. Significant reports of methane reduction in rice by agronomical control methods with changes in yield.
Method | Technique | Methane emission reduction | Yield | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water management | Optimizing drainage timing | 35%‒45% | No significant change | Souza et al, |
Multiple draining | 35% | Increased | Uno et al, | |
Draining | 57.8% | No change | Wu et al, | |
Alternate wetting and drying | Up to 49% | No change | Chidthaisong et al, | |
Biological control | Cable bacteria application | 93% | No data | Scholz et al, |
Purple nonsulfur bacteria application | 24%‒28% | Increased | Kantachote et al, | |
Azolla application | 12.3%‒25.3% | No change | Xu et al, | |
Soil amendment application | Biochar application | 38%‒41% | Increased | Nan et al, |
Biochar-based slow-release fertilizer treatment | 33.4% | No data | Dong et al, | |
Wood vinegar and biochar application | 35.3%‒42.6% | Increased | Feng et al, | |
Biochar application | 47.30%-86.43% | Increased | Dong et al, | |
Fertilizer management | Aerobic pre-digestion of green manured soil | 60% | No change | Lee et al, |
Combination | Dicyandiamide application and water control | 7%‒8% | No change | Liu et al, |
Alternate wetting and drying with biochar application | 18.8% | Increased | Sriphirom et al, |
Plant species | Characteristic | Gene/QTL | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa | Reduced exudates | SUSIBA2-like | 7 | Sun et al, |
RGA1 | 3 | Chen et al, | ||
Sorghum bicolor | Aluminum tolerance via enhanced root citrate exudation | AltSB | 1 | Magalhaes et al, |
Phaseolus vulgaris | Total acid exudation | Tae4.1, Tae5.1, Tae5.2, Tae10.1 | 4, 5, 10 | Yan et al, |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Aluminium induced malate release | AtALMT1 | 1 | Hoekenga et al, |
Pennisetum glaucum | Malate biosynthesis | GWAS QTL 5.1 | 5 | de la Fuente Cantó et al, de la Fuente Cantó et al, de la Fuente Cantó et al, |
Raffinose biosynthesis | GWAS QTL 6.3 | 6 | ||
Succinate, fumarate, and 2-oxoglutarate transport | GWAS QTL 7.5 | 7 |
Table 2. Genetic loci related to root exudate regulation and transport.
Plant species | Characteristic | Gene/QTL | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa | Reduced exudates | SUSIBA2-like | 7 | Sun et al, |
RGA1 | 3 | Chen et al, | ||
Sorghum bicolor | Aluminum tolerance via enhanced root citrate exudation | AltSB | 1 | Magalhaes et al, |
Phaseolus vulgaris | Total acid exudation | Tae4.1, Tae5.1, Tae5.2, Tae10.1 | 4, 5, 10 | Yan et al, |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Aluminium induced malate release | AtALMT1 | 1 | Hoekenga et al, |
Pennisetum glaucum | Malate biosynthesis | GWAS QTL 5.1 | 5 | de la Fuente Cantó et al, de la Fuente Cantó et al, de la Fuente Cantó et al, |
Raffinose biosynthesis | GWAS QTL 6.3 | 6 | ||
Succinate, fumarate, and 2-oxoglutarate transport | GWAS QTL 7.5 | 7 |
Plant species | Characteristic | Gene/QTL | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa | Regulation of aerenchyma formation | OsLSD1.1 | 8 | Iqbal et al, |
Oryza sativa | Associated with radial oxygen loss | qROL-2-1 | 2 | Duyen et al, |
Hordeum vulgare | Submergence tolerance | QTL-AER | 4H | Zhang et al, |
Zea nicaraguensis | Submergence tolerance | Qft-rd4.07-4.11 | 4 | Mano and Omori, |
Table 3. QTLs associated with radial oxygen loss in crops.
Plant species | Characteristic | Gene/QTL | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oryza sativa | Regulation of aerenchyma formation | OsLSD1.1 | 8 | Iqbal et al, |
Oryza sativa | Associated with radial oxygen loss | qROL-2-1 | 2 | Duyen et al, |
Hordeum vulgare | Submergence tolerance | QTL-AER | 4H | Zhang et al, |
Zea nicaraguensis | Submergence tolerance | Qft-rd4.07-4.11 | 4 | Mano and Omori, |
Characteristic | Gene | Chr. | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Root cone angle | SOR1 | 4 | Hanzawa et al, |
Root cone angle | DRO1 | 9 | Uga et al, |
Root cone angle | DOCS1 | 2 | Bettembourg et al, |
Overall architecture under nitrogen deficiency | RDWN6XB | 6 | Anis et al, |
Root curling | OsHOS1 | 3 | Lourenço et al, |
Lateral root development | SPR1 | 1 | Jia et al, |
Crown root development | OsCKX4 | 1 | Gao et al, |
Table 4. Genes associated with root architecture in rice.
Characteristic | Gene | Chr. | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Root cone angle | SOR1 | 4 | Hanzawa et al, |
Root cone angle | DRO1 | 9 | Uga et al, |
Root cone angle | DOCS1 | 2 | Bettembourg et al, |
Overall architecture under nitrogen deficiency | RDWN6XB | 6 | Anis et al, |
Root curling | OsHOS1 | 3 | Lourenço et al, |
Lateral root development | SPR1 | 1 | Jia et al, |
Crown root development | OsCKX4 | 1 | Gao et al, |
Characteristic | Gene | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Promote arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment | OsDMI3 | 5 | Chen et al, |
Enhance mycorrhizal colonization | CCD8 | 4 | Umehara et al, |
Increase methanotrophs colonization | OsCCaMK | 5 | Bao et al, |
Recognition of arbuscular mycorrhizal | D14 | 3 | Gutjahr et al, |
Pre-symbiotic fungal reprogramming | NOPE1 | 10 | Nadal et al, |
Increase arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization and phosphorus uptake | OsCERK1 | 8 | Huang et al, |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization under phosphate starvation | PHR2 | 7 | Das et al, |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization under phosphate starvation | OsADK1 | 1 | Guo et al, |
Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal signal | OsRAM2 | 3 | Liu et al, |
Table 5. Genes associated with beneficial microbial colonization in rice.
Characteristic | Gene | Chromosome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Promote arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment | OsDMI3 | 5 | Chen et al, |
Enhance mycorrhizal colonization | CCD8 | 4 | Umehara et al, |
Increase methanotrophs colonization | OsCCaMK | 5 | Bao et al, |
Recognition of arbuscular mycorrhizal | D14 | 3 | Gutjahr et al, |
Pre-symbiotic fungal reprogramming | NOPE1 | 10 | Nadal et al, |
Increase arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization and phosphorus uptake | OsCERK1 | 8 | Huang et al, |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization under phosphate starvation | PHR2 | 7 | Das et al, |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization under phosphate starvation | OsADK1 | 1 | Guo et al, |
Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal signal | OsRAM2 | 3 | Liu et al, |
Fig. 5. Ideal phenotype of low methane-emitting rice based on recent findings on phenotypic characters and correlations. VAM, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza.
[1] | Abichou T, Kormi T, Wang C, Melaouhia H, Johnson T, Dwyer S. 2015. Use of evapotranspiration (ET) landfill covers to reduce methane emissions from municipal solid waste landfills. J Water Resour Prot, 7(13): 1087-1097. |
[2] | Abiko T, Obara M. 2014. Enhancement of porosity and aerenchyma formation in nitrogen-deficient rice roots. Plant Sci, 215/216: 76-83. |
[3] | Ali M A, Hoque M A, Kim P J. 2013. Mitigating global warming potentials of methane and nitrous oxide gases from rice paddies under different irrigation regimes. Ambio, 42(3): 357-368. |
[4] | Anandan A, Panda S, Sabarinathan S, Travis A J, Norton G J, Price A H. 2022. Superior haplotypes for early root vigor traits in rice under dry direct seeded low nitrogen condition through genome wide association mapping. Front Plant Sci, 13: 911775. |
[5] | Anis G B, Zhang Y X, Islam A, Zhang Y, Cao Y R, Wu W X, Cao L Y, Cheng S H. 2019. RDWN6XB, a major quantitative trait locus positively enhances root system architecture under nitrogen deficiency in rice. BMC Plant Biol, 19(1): 12. |
[6] | Anitha K, Bindu G. 2016. Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on methane emission from paddy field soil. Procedia Technol, 24: 196-202. |
[7] | Armstrong J, Armstrong W. 1988. Phragmites australis: A preliminary study of soil-oxidizing sites and internal gas transport pathways. . New Phytol, 108: 373-382. |
[8] | Armstrong W. 1980. Aeration in higher plants. Adv Bot Res, 7: 225-332. |
[9] | Aulakh M S, Bodenbender J, Wassmann R, Rennenberg H. 2000a. Methane transport capacity of rice plants: II. Variations among different rice cultivars and relationship with morphological characteristics. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 58: 367-375. |
[10] | Aulakh M S, Wassmann R, Rennenberg H, Fink S. 2000b. Pattern and amount of aerenchyma relate to variable methane transport capacity of different rice cultivars. Plant Biol, 2(2): 182-194. |
[11] | Aulakh M S, Wassmann R, Rennenberg H. 2002. Methane transport capacity of twenty-two rice cultivars from five major Asian rice-growing countries. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 91: 59-71. |
[12] | Badri D V, Vivanco J M. 2009. Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ, 32(6): 666-681. |
[13] | Bakker B L G, Ji C R. 2011. Issues in the GPD formulation of DVCS. Few-Body Syst, 50(1): 363-365. |
[14] | Balakrishnan D, Kulkarni K, Latha P C, Subrahmanyam D. 2018. Crop improvement strategies for mitigation of methane emissions from rice. Emir J Food Agric, 30(6): 451-462. |
[15] | Balcombe P, Speirs J F, Brandon N P, Hawkes A D. 2018. Methane emissions: Choosing the right climate metric and time horizon. Environ Sci-Process Impacts, 20(10): 1323-1339. |
[16] | Bao Z H, Watanabe A, Sasaki K, Okubo T, Tokida T, Liu D Y, Ikeda S, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Asakawa S, Sato T, Mitsui H, Minamisawa K. 2014. A rice gene for microbial symbiosis, Oryza sativa CCaMK, reduces CH4 flux in a paddy field with low nitrogen input. Appl Environ Microbiol, 80(6): 1995-2003. |
[17] | Barnaby J Y, Pinson S R M, Chun J B, Bui L T. 2019. Covariation among root biomass, shoot biomass, and tiller number in three rice populations. Crop Sci, 59(4): 1516-1530. |
[18] | Bender M, Conrad R. 1993. Kinetics of methane oxidation in oxic soils. Chemosphere, 26: 687-696. |
[19] | Bernal A J, Yoo C M, Mutwil M, Jensen J K, Hou G C, Blaukopf C, Sørensen I, Blancaflor E B, Scheller H V, Willats W G T. 2008. Functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like genes CSLD1, CSLD2, and CSLD4 in tip-growing Arabidopsis cells. Plant Physiol, 148(3): 1238-1253. |
[20] | Bettembourg M, Dal-Soglio M, Bureau C, Vernet A, Dardoux A, Portefaix M, Bes M, Meynard D, Mieulet D, Cayrol B, Perin C, Courtois B, Ma J F, Dievart A. 2017. Root cone angle is enlarged in docs1 LRR-RLK mutants in rice. Rice, 10(1): 50. |
[21] | Bhatia A, Pathak H, Jain N, Singh P K, Singh A K. 2005. Global warming potential of manure amended soils under rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Atmos Environ, 39: 6976-6984. |
[22] | Boeckx P, Xu X, Van Cleemput O. 2005. Mitigation of N2O and CH4 emission from rice and wheat cropping systems using dicyandiamide and hydroquinone. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 72(1): 41-49. |
[23] | Bossio D A, Horwath W R, Mutters R G, 1999. Methane pool and flux dynamics in a rice field following straw incorporation. Soil Biol Biochem, 31(9): 1313-1322. |
[24] | Braker G, Conrad R. 2011. Diversity, structure, and size of N2O- producing microbial communities in soils: What matters for their functioning? Adv Appl Microbiol, 75: 33-70. |
[25] | Butterbach-Bahl K, Papen H, Rennenberg H. 1997. Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Plant Cell Environ, 20(9): 1175-1183. |
[26] | Cai Z C, Xing G X, Yan X Y, Xu H, Tsuruta H, Yagi K, Minami K. 1997. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management. Plant Soil, 196(1): 7-14. |
[27] | Chen C Y, Gao M Q, Liu J Y, Zhu H Y. 2007. Fungal symbiosis in rice requires an ortholog of a legume common symbiosis gene encoding a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Plant Physiol, 145(4): 1619-1628. |
[28] | Chen Y, Zhang Y J, Li S Y, Liu K, Li G M, Zhang D P, Lv B, Gu J F, Zhang H, Yang J C, Liu L J. 2021. OsRGA1 optimizes photosynthate allocation for roots to reduce methane emissions and improve yield in paddy ecosystems. Soil Biol Biochem, 160: 108344. |
[29] | Cheng W G, Yagi K, Sakai H, Kobayashi K. 2006. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on CH4 and N2O emission from rice soil: An experiment in controlled-environment chambers. Biogeochemistry, 77(3): 351-373. |
[30] | Chidthaisong A, Cha-un N, Rossopa B, Buddaboon C, Kunuthai C, Sriphirom P, Towprayoon S, Tokida T, Padre A T, Minamikawa K. 2018. Evaluating the effects of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a paddy field in Thailand. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 64: 31-38. |
[31] | Colmer T D. 2003. Aerenchyma and an inducible barrier to radial oxygen loss facilitate root aeration in upland, paddy and deep- water rice (Oryza sativa L.). Ann Bot, 91(2): 301-309. |
[32] | Colmer T D, Pedersen O. 2008. Oxygen dynamics in submerged rice (Oryza sativa). New Phytol, 178(2): 326-334. |
[33] | Colmer T D, Gibberd M R, Wiengweera A, Tinh T K. 1998. The barrier to radial oxygen loss from roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is induced by growth in stagnant solution. J Exp Bot, 49: 1431-1436. |
[34] | Conrad R. 2002. Control of microbial methane production in wetland rice fields. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 64(1): 59-69. |
[35] | Conrad R. 2007. Microbial ecology of methanogens and methanotrophs. Adv Agron, 96: 1-63. |
[36] | Corton T M, Bajita J B, Grospe F S, Pamplona R R, Assis Jr C A, Wassmann R, Lantin R S, Buendia L V. 2000. Methane emission from irrigated and intensively managed rice fields in central Luzon (Philippines). Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 58(1): 37-53. |
[37] | Daryani P, Darzi Ramandi H, Dezhsetan S, Mirdar Mansuri R, Hosseini Salekdeh G, Shobbar Z S. 2022. Pinpointing genomic regions associated with root system architecture in rice through an integrative meta-analysis approach. Theor Appl Genet, 135(1): 81-106. |
[38] | Das D, Paries M, Hobecker K, Gigl M, Dawid C, Lam H M, Zhang J H, Chen M X, Gutjahr C. 2022. PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE transcription factors enable arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Nat Commun, 13(1): 477. |
[39] | Datta A, Adhya T K. 2014. Effects of organic nitrification inhibitors on methane and nitrous oxide emission from tropical rice paddy. Atmos Environ, 92: 533-545. |
[40] | Datta A, Santra S C, Adhya T K. 2013. Effect of inorganic fertilizers (N, P, K) on methane emission from tropical rice field of India. Atmos Environ, 66: 123-130. |
[41] | de la Fuente Cantó C, Diouf M N, Ndour P M S, Debieu M, Grondin A, Passot S, Champion A, Barrachina C, Pratlong M, Gantet P, Assigbetsé K, Kane N, Cubry P, Diedhiou A G, Heulin T, Achouak W, Vigouroux Y, Cournac L, Laplaze L. 2022. Genetic control of rhizosheath formation in pearl millet. Sci Rep, 12: 9205. |
[42] | Dong D, Yang M, Wang C, Wang H L, Li Y, Luo J F, Wu W X. 2013. Responses of methane emissions and rice yield to applications of biochar and straw in a paddy field. J Soils Sediments, 13(8): 1450-1460. |
[43] | Dong D, Li J, Ying S S, Wu J S, Han X G, Teng Y X, Zhou M R, Ren Y, Jiang P K. 2021. Mitigation of methane emission in a rice paddy field amended with biochar-based slow-release fertilizer. Sci Total Environ, 792: 148460. |
[44] | Dong H B, Yao Z S, Zheng X H, Mei B L, Xie B H, Wang R, Deng J, Cui F, Zhu J G. 2011. Effect of ammonium-based, non-sulfate fertilizers on CH4 emissions from a paddy field with a typical Chinese water management regime. Atmos Environ, 45(5): 1095-1101. |
[45] | Dórea J G. 2006. Fish meal in animal feed and human exposure to persistent bioaccumulative and toxic substances. J Food Prot, 69(11): 2777-2785. |
[46] | Duan M, Ke X J, Lan H X, Yuan X, Huang P, Xu E S, Gao X Y, Wang R Q, Tang H J, Zhang H S, Huang J. 2021. A Cys2/His2 zinc finger protein acts as a repressor of the green revolution gene SD1/OsGA20ox2 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Physiol, 61(12): 2055-2066. |
[47] | Dubey S K. 2005. Microbial ecology of methane emission in rice agroecosystem: A review. Appl Ecol Env Res, 3(2): 1-27. |
[48] | Duyen D V, Kwon Y, Kabange N R, Lee J Y, Lee S M, Kang J, Park H, Cha J K, Cho J H, Shin D, Lee J H. 2022. Novel QTL associated with aerenchyma-mediated radial oxygen loss (ROL) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under iron(II) sulfide. Plants, 11(6): 788. |
[49] | Enguita F J, Leitão A L. 2013. Hydroquinone: Environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers. Biomed Res Int, 2013: 542168. |
[50] | Ermler U. 2005. On the mechanism of methyl-coenzyme M reductase. Dalton Trans, 2005: 3451-3458. |
[51] | Ermler U, Grabarse W, Shima S, Goubeaud M, Thauer R K. 1997. Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: The key enzyme of biological methane formation. Science, 278: 1457-1462. |
[52] | Evans D E. 2004. Aerenchyma formation. New Phytol, 161(1): 35-49. |
[53] | Feng L, Palmer P I, Parker R J, Lunt M F, Boesch H. 2023. Methane emissions are predominantly responsible for record-breaking atmospheric methane growth rates in 2020 and 2021. Atmos Chem Phys, 23(8): 4863-4880. |
[54] | Feng S, Leung A K, Ng C W W, Liu H W. 2017. Theoretical analysis of coupled effects of microbe and root architecture on methane oxidation in vegetated landfill covers. Sci Total Environ, 599/600: 1954-1964. |
[55] | Feng Y F, Li D T, Sun H J, Xue L H, Zhou B B, Yang L Z, Liu J Y, Xing B S. 2020. Wood vinegar and biochar co-application mitigates nitrous oxide and methane emissions from rice paddy soil: A two-year experiment. Environ Pollut, 267: 115403. |
[56] | Frade R F, Afonso C A. 2010. Impact of ionic liquids in environment and humans: An overview. Hum Exp Toxicol, 29(12): 1038-1054. |
[57] | Fujita S, Noguchi K, Tange T. 2021. Different waterlogging depths affect spatial distribution of fine root growth for Pinus thunbergii seedlings. Front Plant Sci, 12: 614764. |
[58] | Gao S P, Fang J, Xu F, Wang W, Sun X H, Chu J F, Cai B D, Feng Y Q, Chu C C. 2014. CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 integrates cytokinin and auxin signaling to control rice crown root formation. Plant Physiol, 165(3): 1035-1046. |
[59] | Gilroy S, Jones D L. 2000. Through form to function: Root hairs development and nutrient uptake. Trends Plant Sci, 5(2): 56-60. |
[60] | Grzesiak M T, Ostrowska A, Hura K, Rut G, Janowiak F, Rzepka A, Hura T, Grzesiak S. 2014. Interspecific differences in root architecture among maize and triticale genotypes grown under drought, waterlogging and soil compaction. Acta Physiol Plant, 36: 3249-3261. |
[61] | Guo R, Wu Y N, Liu C C, Liu Y N, Tian L, Cheng J F, Pan Z Y, Wang D, Wang B. 2022. OsADK1, a novel kinase regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. New Phytol, 234(1): 256-268. |
[62] | Gupta D K, Bhatia A, Kumar A, Chakrabarti B, Jain N, Pathak H. 2015. Global warming potential of rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Indian J Agric Sci, 85(6): 807-816. |
[63] | Gupta K, Kumar R, Baruah K K, Hazarika S, Karmakar S, Bordoloi N. 2021. Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: A review from Indian context. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(24): 30551-30572. |
[64] | Gutjahr C, Gobbato E, Choi J, Riemann M, Johnston M G, Summers W, Carbonnel S, Mansfield C, Yang S Y, Nadal M, Acosta I, Takano M, Jiao W B, Schneeberger K, Kelly K A, Paszkowski U. 2015. Rice perception of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi requires the karrikin receptor complex. Science, 350: 1521-1524. |
[65] | Hanson R S. 1980. Ecology and diversity of methylotrophic organisms. Adv Appl Microbiol, 26: 3-39. |
[66] | Hanson R S, Hanson T E. 1996. Methanotrophic bacteria. Microbiol Rev, 60(2): 439-471. |
[67] | Hanzawa E, Sasaki K, Nagai S, Obara M, Fukuta Y, Uga Y, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Higashitani A, Maekawa M, Sato T. 2013. Isolation of a novel mutant gene for soil-surface rooting in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice, 6(1): 30. |
[68] | Hiya H J, Ali M A, Baten M A, Barman S C. 2020. Effect of water saving irrigation management practices on rice productivity and methane emission from paddy field. J Geosci Environ Prot, 8(9): 182-196. |
[69] | Hoekenga O A, Maron L G, Piñeros M A, Cançado G M A, Shaff J, Kobayashi Y, Ryan P R, Dong B, Delhaize E, Sasaki T, Matsumoto H, Yamamoto Y, Koyama H, Kochian L V. 2006. AtALMT1, which encodes a malate transporter, is identified as one of several genes critical for aluminum tolerance in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103(25): 9738-9743. |
[70] | Holzapfel-Pschorn A, Conrad R, Seiler W. 1986. Effects of vegetation on the emission of methane from submerged paddy soil. Plant Soil, 92: 223-233. |
[71] | Hornibrook E R C, Bowes H L, Culbert A, Gallego-Sala A V. 2009. Methanotrophy potential versus methane supply by pore water diffusion in peatlands. Biogeosciences, 6: 1491-1504. |
[72] | Hou H J, Peng S Z, Xu J Z, Yang S H, Mao Z. 2012. Seasonal variations of CH4 and N2O emissions in response to water management of paddy fields located in Southeast China. Chemosphere, 89(7): 884-892. |
[73] | Hu J, Bettembourg M, Moreno S, Zhang A, Schnürer A, Sun C X, Sundström J, Jin Y K. 2023. Characterisation of a low methane emission rice cultivar suitable for cultivation in high latitude light and temperature conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 30: 92950-92962. |
[74] | Huang J, Kim C M, Xuan Y H, Liu J M, Kim T H, Kim B K, Han C D. 2013a. Formin homology 1 (OsFH1) regulates root-hair elongation in rice (Oryza sativa). Planta, 237(5): 1227-1239. |
[75] | Huang J, Kim C M, Xuan Y H, Park S J, Piao H L, Je B I, Liu J M, Kim T H, Kim B K, Han C D. 2013b. OsSNDP1, a Sec14- nodulin domain-containing protein, plays a critical role in root hair elongation in rice. Plant Mol Biol, 82: 39-50. |
[76] | Huang R L, Li Z, Mao C, Zhang H, Sun Z F, Li H, Huang C C, Feng Y, Shen X H, Bucher M, Zhang Z M, Lin Y J, Cao Y R, Duanmu D Q. 2020. Natural variation at OsCERK1 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. New Phytol, 225(4): 1762-1776. |
[77] | Hussain S, Peng S B, Fahad S, Khaliq A, Huang J L, Cui K H, Nie L X. 2015. Rice management interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions: A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 22(5): 3342-3360. |
[78] | Inubushi K, Cheng W G, Aonuma S, Hoque M M, Kobayashi K, Miura S, Kim H Y, Okada M. 2003. Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on CH4 emission from a rice paddy field. Glob Change Biol, 9(10): 1458-1464. |
[79] | Iqbal M F, Liu S H, Zhu J W, Zhao L M, Qi T T, Liang J, Luo J, Xiao X, Fan X R. 2021. Limited aerenchyma reduces oxygen diffusion and methane emission in paddy. J Environ Manag, 279: 111583. |
[80] | Islam S F U, Sander B O, Quilty J R, de Neergaard A, van Groenigen J W, Jensen L S. 2020. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and reduced irrigation water use in rice production through water-saving irrigation scheduling, reduced tillage and fertiliser application strategies. Sci Total Environ, 739: 140215. |
[81] | Islam S M M, Gaihre Y K, Islam M R, Khatun A, Islam A. 2022. Integrated plant nutrient systems improve rice yields without affecting greenhouse gas emissions from lowland rice cultivation. Sustainability, 14(18): 11338. |
[82] | Jackson M B, Armstrong W. 1999. Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation in relation to soil flooding and submergence. Plant Biol, 1(3): 274-287. |
[83] | Jackson R B, Saunois M, Bousquet P, Canadell J G, Poulter B, Stavert A R, Bergamaschi P, Niwa Y, Segers A, Tsuruta A. 2020. Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources. Environ Res Lett, 15(7): 071002. |
[84] | Jagadeesh Babu Y, Nayak D R, Adhya T K. 2006. Potassium application reduces methane emission from a flooded field planted to rice. Biol Fertil Soils, 42(6): 532-541. |
[85] | Jain N, Dubey R, Dubey D S, Singh J, Khanna M, Pathak H, Bhatia A. 2014. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emission with system of rice intensification in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Paddy Water Environ, 12(3): 355-363. |
[86] | Jia L Q, Wu Z C, Hao X, Carrie C, Zheng L B, Whelan J, Wu Y R, Wang S F, Wu P, Mao C Z. 2011. Identification of a novel mitochondrial protein, short postembryonic roots 1 (SPR1), involved in root development and iron homeostasis in Oryza sativa. New Phytol, 189(3): 843-855. |
[87] | Jia Z J, Cai Z C, Xu H, Tsuruta H. 2002. Effects of rice cultivars on methane fluxes in a paddy soil. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 64(1): 87-94. |
[88] | Justin S H F W, Armstrong W. 1991. Evidence for the involvement of ethene in aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.). New Phytol, 118(1): 49-62. |
[89] | Kantachote D, Nunkaew T, Kantha T, Chaiprapat S. 2016. Biofertilizers from Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains to enhance rice yields and reduce methane emissions. Appl Soil Ecol, 100: 154-161. |
[90] | Kantha T, Kantachote D, Klongdee N. 2015. Potential of biofertilizers from selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains to assist rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) growth under salt stress and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ann Microbiol, 65(4): 2109-2118. |
[91] | Kawai T, Shibata K, Akahoshi R, Nishiuchi S, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Kojima T, Nosaka-Takahashi M, Sato Y, Toyoda A, Lucob-Agustin N, Kano-Nakata M, Suralta R R, Niones J M, Chen Y L, Siddique K H M, Yamauchi A, Inukai Y. 2022. WUSCHEL-related homeobox family genes in rice control lateral root primordium size. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 119(1): e2101846119. |
[92] | Kawata S I, Ishihara K. 1961. Studies on the effects of some organic acids on the root hair formation in the root of rice plants. Jpn J Crop Sci, 30(1): 72-78. |
[93] | Kennedy I R, Choudhury A T M A, Kecskés M L. 2004. Non- symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: Can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Soil Biol Biochem, 36(8): 1229-1244. |
[94] | Kim C M, Park S H, Je B I, Park S H, Park S J, Piao H L, Eun M Y, Dolan L, Han C D. 2007. OsCSLD1, a cellulose synthase-like D1 gene, is required for root hair morphogenesis in rice. Plant Physiol, 143(3): 1220-1230. |
[95] | Kim G Y, Lee J S, Jeong H C, Choi E J, Sonn Y K, Kim P J. 2013. Effects of water management methods on CH4 and N2O emission from rice paddy field. Korean J Soil Sci Fertil, 46(6): 599-605. |
[96] | Kim H Y, Lieffering M, Miura S, Kobayashi K, Okada M. 2001. Growth and nitrogen uptake of CO2-enriched rice under field conditions. New Phytol, 150(2): 223-229. |
[97] | Kim H Y, Lieffering M, Kobayashi K, Okada M, Mitchell M W, Gumpertz M. 2003. Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on the yield of temperate paddy rice crops. Field Crops Res, 83(3): 261-270. |
[98] | Kim W J, Bui L T, Chun J B, McClung A M, Barnaby J Y. 2018. Correlation between methane (CH4) emissions and root aerenchyma of rice varieties. Plant Breed Biotechnol, 6(4): 381-390. |
[99] | Kimura M, Murase J, Lu Y H. 2004. Carbon cycling in rice field ecosystems in the context of input, decomposition and translocation of organic materials and the fates of their end products (CO2 and CH4). Soil Biol Biochem, 36(9): 1399-1416. |
[100] | Kirk G J D. 2003. Rice root properties for internal aeration and efficient nutrient acquisition in submerged soil. New Phytol, 159(1): 185-194. |
[101] | Kirk G J D, van Du L E. 1997. Changes in rice root architecture, porosity, and oxygen and proton release under phosphorus deficiency. New Phytol, 135(2): 191-200. |
[102] | Kobae Y, Kameoka H, Sugimura Y, Saito K, Ohtomo R, Fujiwara T, Kyozuka J. 2018. Strigolactone biosynthesis genes of rice are required for the punctual entry of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into the roots. Plant Cell Physiol, 59(3): 544-553. |
[103] | Kumar J I N, Viyol S V. 2009. Short-term diurnal and temporal measurement of methane emission in relation to organic carbon, phosphate and sulphate content of two rice fields of central Gujarat, India. Paddy Water Environ, 7(1): 11-16. |
[104] | Lai W L, Zhang Y, Chen Z H. 2012. Radial oxygen loss, photosynthesis, and nutrient removal of 35 wetland plants. Ecol Eng, 39: 24-30. |
[105] | Lamb W F, Wiedmann T, Pongratz J, Andrew R, Crippa M, Olivier J G J, Wiedenhofer D, Mattioli G, Al Khourdajie A, House J, Pachauri S, Figueroa M, Saheb Y, Slade R, Hubacek K, Sun L X, Ribeiro S K, Khennas S, de la Rue du Can S, Chapungu L, Davis S J, Bashmakov I, Dai H C, Dhakal S, Tan X C, Geng Y, Gu B H, Minx J. 2021. A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environ Res Lett, 16(7): 073005. |
[106] | Lee J H, Park M H, Song H J, Kim P J. 2020. Unexpected high reduction of methane emission via short-term aerobic pre- digestion of green manured soils before flooding in rice paddy. Sci Total Environ, 711: 134641. |
[107] | Lee J H, Lee J Y, Kang Y G, Kim J H, Oh T K. 2023. Evaluating methane emissions from rice paddies: A study on the cultivar and transplanting date. Sci Total Environ, 902: 166174. |
[108] | Lee O K, Hur D H, Nguyen D T N, Lee E Y. 2016. Metabolic engineering of methanotrophs and its application to production of chemicals and biofuels from methane. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining, 10(6): 848-863. |
[109] | Li D M, Liu M Q, Cheng Y H, Wang D, Qin J T, Jiao J G, Li H X, Hu F. 2011. Methane emissions from double-rice cropping system under conventional and no tillage in southeast China. Soil Tillage Res, 113(2): 77-81. |
[110] | Li H, Ye Z H, Wei Z J, Wong M H. 2011. Root porosity and radial oxygen loss related to arsenic tolerance and uptake in wetland plants. Environ Pollut, 159(1): 30-37. |
[111] | Li S Y, Chen L, Han X, Yang K, Liu K, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu L J. 2022. Rice cultivar renewal reduces methane emissions by improving root traits and optimizing photosynthetic carbon allocation. Agriculture, 12: 2134. |
[112] | Li X L, Zhang X Y, Xu H, Cai Z C, Yagi K. 2009. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy soil as influenced by timing of application of hydroquinone and dicyandiamide. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 85(1): 31-40. |
[113] | Liang H, Yang S H, Xu J Z, Hu K L. 2021. Modeling water consumption, N fates, and rice yield for water-saving and conventional rice production systems. Soil Tillage Res, 209: 104944. |
[114] | Liechty Z, Santos-Medellín C, Edwards J, Nguyen B, Mikhail D, Eason S, Phillips G, Sundaresan V. 2020. Comparative analysis of root microbiomes of rice cultivars with high and low methane emissions reveals differences in abundance of methanogenic archaea and putative upstream fermenters. mSystems, 5(1): e00897-e00919. |
[115] | Linquist B A, Adviento-Borbe M A, Pittelkow C M, van Kessel C, van Groenigen K J. 2012. Fertilizer management practices and greenhouse gas emissions from rice systems: A quantitative review and analysis. Field Crops Res, 135: 10-21. |
[116] | Liu G, Yu H Y, Zhang G B, Xu H, Ma J. 2016. Combination of wet irrigation and nitrification inhibitor reduced nitrous oxide and methane emissions from a rice cropping system. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 23(17): 17426-17436. |
[117] | Liu X M, Zhao H X, Chen S F. 2006. Colonization of maize and rice plants by strain Bacillus megaterium C4. Curr Microbiol, 52(3): 186-190. |
[118] | Liu X Y, Zhou T, Liu Y, Zhang X H, Li L Q, Pan G X. 2019. Effect of mid-season drainage on CH4 and N2O emission and grain yield in rice ecosystem: A meta-analysis. Agric Water Manag, 213: 1028-1035. |
[119] | Liu Y N, Liu C C, Zhu A Q, Niu K X, Guo R, Tian L, Wu Y W, Sun B, Wang B. 2022. OsRAM2 function in lipid biosynthesis is required for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact, 35(3): 187-199. |
[120] | Lou Y S, Inubushi K, Mizuno T, Hasegawa T, Lin Y, Sakai H, Cheng W G, Kobayashi K. 2008. CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil. Glob Change Biol, 14(11): 2678-2687. |
[121] | Lourenço T F, Serra T S, Cordeiro A M, Swanson S J, Gilroy S, Saibo N J M, Margarida Oliveira M. 2015. The rice E3-ubiquitin ligase HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE1 modulates the expression of ROOT MEANDER CURLING, a gene involved in root mechanosensing, through the interaction with two ETHYLENE-RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factors. Plant Physiol, 169(3): 2275-2287. |
[122] | Lu W X, Cheng W G, Zhang Z, Xin X, Wang X H. 2016. Differences in rice water consumption and yield under four irrigation schedules in central Jilin Province, China. Paddy Water Environ, 14(4): 473-480. |
[123] | Lu Y, Wassmann R, Neue H U, Huang C. 1999. Impact of phosphorus supply on root exudation, aerenchyma formation and methane emission of rice plants. Biogeochemistry, 47(2): 203-218. |
[124] | Lu Y H, Conrad R. 2005. In situ stable isotope probing of methanogenic archaea in the rice rhizosphere. Science, 309: 1088-1090. |
[125] | Luo G J, Kiese R, Wolf B, Butterbach-Bahl K. 2013. Effects of soil temperature and moisture on methane uptake and nitrous oxide emissions across three different ecosystem types. Biogeosciences, 10(5): 3205-3219. |
[126] | Luxmoore R J, Sojka R E, Stolzy L H. 1972. Root porosity and growth responses of wheat to aeration and light intensity. Soil Sci, 113(5): 354-357. |
[127] | Lv Z Y, Dai R, Xu H R, Liu Y X, Bai B, Meng Y, Li H Y, Cao X F, Bai Y, Song X W, Zhang J Y. 2021. The rice histone methylation regulates hub species of the root microbiota. J Genet Genom, 48(9): 836-843. |
[128] | Ma K, Qiu Q F, Lu Y H. 2009. Microbial mechanism for rice variety control on methane emission from rice field soil. Glob Change Biol, 16(11): 3085-3095. |
[129] | Magalhaes J V, Liu J P, Guimarães C T, Lana U G P, Alves V M C, Wang Y H, Schaffert R E, Hoekenga O A, Piñeros M A, Shaff J E, Klein P E, Carneiro N P, Coelho C M, Trick H N, Kochian L V. 2007. A gene in the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family confers aluminum tolerance in sorghum. Nat Genet, 39(9): 1156-1161. |
[130] | Majumdar D. 2003. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from irrigated rice fields: Proposed mitigation strategies. Curr Sci, 84: 1317-1326. |
[131] | Malla G, Bhatia A, Pathak H, Prasad S, Jain N, Singh J. 2005. Mitigating nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil in rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic plain with nitrification and urease inhibitors. Chemosphere, 58(2): 141-147. |
[132] | Malyan S K, Bhatia A, Kumar A, Gupta D K, Singh R, Kumar S S, Tomer R, Kumar O, Jain N. 2016. Methane production, oxidation and mitigation: A mechanistic understanding and comprehensive evaluation of influencing factors. Sci Total Environ, 572: 874-896. |
[133] | Mano Y, Omori F. 2013. Flooding tolerance in interspecific introgression lines containing chromosome segments from teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays). Ann Bot, 112( 6): 1125-1139. |
[134] | Mano Y, Nakazono M. 2021. Genetic regulation of root traits for soil flooding tolerance in genus Zea. Breed Sci, 71(1): 30-39. |
[135] | Mei X Q, Ye Z H, Wong M H. 2009. The relationship of root porosity and radial oxygen loss on arsenic tolerance and uptake in rice grains and straw. Environ Pollut, 157(8/9): 2550-2557. |
[136] | Mei X Q, Yang Y, Tam N F Y, Wang Y W, Li L. 2014. Roles of root porosity, radial oxygen loss, Fe plaque formation on nutrient removal and tolerance of wetland plants to domestic wastewater. Water Res, 50: 147-159. |
[137] | Meijide A, Manca G, Goded I, Magliulo V, di Tommasi P, Seufert G, Cescatti A. 2011. Seasonal trends and environmental controls of methane emissions in a rice paddy field in Northern Italy. Biogeosciences, 8(12): 3809-3821. |
[138] | Mitter E K, Tosi M, Obregón D, Dunfield K E, Germida J J. 2021. Rethinking crop nutrition in times of modern microbiology: Innovative biofertilizer technologies. Front Sustain Food Syst, 5: 606815. |
[139] | Mohammed U, Caine R S, Atkinson J A, Harrison E L, Wells D, Chater C C, Gray J E, Swarup R, Murchie E H. 2019. Rice plants overexpressing OsEPF1 show reduced stomatal density and increased root cortical aerenchyma formation. Sci Rep, 9: 5584. |
[140] | Mohanty S R, Bodelier P L E, Floris V, Conrad R. 2006. Differential effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on methane-consuming microbes in rice field and forest soils. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72(2): 1346-1354. |
[141] | Mohidem N A, Hashim N, Shamsudin R, Che Man H. 2022. Rice for food security: Revisiting its production, diversity, rice milling process and nutrient content. Agriculture, 12(6): 741. |
[142] | Nadal M, Sawers R, Naseem S, Bassin B, Kulicke C, Sharman A, An G, An K, Ahern K R, Romag A, Brutnell T P, Gutjahr C, Geldner N, Roux C, Martinoia E, Konopka J B, Paszkowski U. 2017. An N-acetylglucosamine transporter required for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses in rice and maize. Nat Plants, 3(6): 17073. |
[143] | Nadeem S M, Ahmad M, Ahmad Zahir Z, Javaid A, Ashraf M. 2014. The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnol Adv, 32(2): 429-448. |
[144] | Nan Q, Wang C, Wang H, Yi Q Q, Wu W X. 2020. Mitigating methane emission via annual biochar amendment pyrolyzed with rice straw from the same paddy field. Sci Total Environ, 746: 141351. |
[145] | Nouchi I, Mariko S, Aoki K. 1990. Mechanism of methane transport from the rhizosphere to the atmosphere through rice plants. Plant Physiol, 94(1): 59-66. |
[146] | Okubo T, Liu D Y, Tsurumaru H, Ikeda S, Asakawa S, Tokida T, Tago K, Hayatsu M, Aoki N, Ishimaru K, Ujiie K, Usui Y, Nakamura H, Sakai H, Hayashi K, Hasegawa T, Minamisawa K. 2015. Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels affect community structure of rice root-associated bacteria. Front Microbiol, 6: 136. |
[147] | Oo A Z, Win K T, Bellingrath-Kimura S D. 2015. Within field spatial variation in methane emissions from lowland rice in Myanmar. SpringerPlus, 4(1): 145. |
[148] | Pandey A, Mai V T, Vu D Q, Bui T P L, Mai T L A, Jensen L S, 2014. Organic matter and water management strategies to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in Vietnam. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 196: 137-146. |
[149] | Peng Y L, Hu Y G, Qian Q, Ren D Y. 2021. Progress and prospect of breeding utilization of green revolution gene SD1 in rice. Agriculture, 11(7): 611. |
[150] | Péret B, Desnos T, Jost R, Kanno S, Berkowitz O, Nussaume L. 2014. Root architecture responses: In search of phosphate. Plant Physiol, 166(4): 1713-1723. |
[151] | Prasanna R, Kumar V, Kumar S, Kumar Yadav A, Tripathi U, Kumar Singh A, Jain M C, Gupta P, Singh P K, Sethunathan N. 2002. Methane production in rice soil is inhibited by cyanobacteria. Microbiol Res, 157(1): 1-6. |
[152] | Prior S A, Runion G B, Marble S C, Rogers H H, Gilliam C H, Torbert H A. 2011. A review of elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on plant growth and water relations: Implications for horticulture. HortScience, 46(2): 158-162. |
[153] | Pump J, Pratscher J, Conrad R. 2015. Colonization of rice roots with methanogenic archaea controls photosynthesis-derived methane emission. Environ Microbiol, 17(7): 2254-2260. |
[154] | Rath A K, Ramakrishnan B, Sethunathan N. 2002. Effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate on production and emission of methane in a tropical rice soil. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 90(3): 319-325. |
[155] | Revsbech N P, Pedersen O, Reichardt W, Briones A. 1999. Microsensor analysis of oxygen and pH in the rice rhizosphere under field and laboratory conditions. Biol Fertil Soils, 29(4): 379-385. |
[156] | Richardson A E, Barea J M, McNeill A M, Prigent-Combaret C. 2009. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil, 321(1): 305-339. |
[157] | Saini D K, Chopra Y, Pal N, Chahal A, Srivastava P, Gupta P K. 2021. Meta-QTLs, ortho-MQTLs and candidate genes for nitrogen use efficiency and root system architecture in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 27(10): 2245-2267. |
[158] | Sass R L, Fisher F M, Harcombe P A, Turner F T. 1990. Methane production and emission in a Texas rice field. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 4(1): 47-68. |
[159] | Sass R L, Fisher F M, Turner F T, Jund M F. 1991. Methane emission from rice fields as influenced by solar radiation, temperature, and straw incorporation. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 5(4): 335-350. |
[160] | Scholz V V, Meckenstock R U, Nielsen L P, Risgaard-Petersen N. 2020. Cable bacteria reduce methane emissions from rice- vegetated soils. Nat Commun, 11(1): 1878. |
[161] | Schrope M K, Chanton J P, Allen L H, Baker J T. 1999. Effect of CO2 enrichment and elevated temperature on methane emissions from rice, Oryza sativa. Glob Change Biol, 5(5): 587-599. |
[162] | Seiler W, Holzapfel-Pschorn A, Conrad R, Scharffe D. 1983. Methane emission from rice paddies. J Atmos Chem, 1(3): 241-268. |
[163] | Seneweera S. 2011. Effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth and nutrient partitioning of rice (Oryza sativaL.) at rapid tillering and physiological maturity. J Plant Interact, 6(1): 35-42. |
[164] | Setyanto P, Rosenani A B, Boer R, Fauziah C I, Khanif M J. 2016. The effect of rice cultivars on methane emission from irrigated rice field. Indones J Agric Sci, 5(1): 20. |
[165] | Shankar M, Ponraj P, Ilakkiam D, Gunasekaran P. 2011. Root colonization of a rice growth promoting strain of Enterobacter cloacae. J Basic Microbiol, 51(5): 523-530. |
[166] | Shi J C, Zhao B Y, Jin R, Hou L, Zhang X W, Dai H L, Yu N, Wang E T. 2022. A phosphate starvation response-regulated receptor-like kinase, OsADK1, is required for mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphate starvation responses. New Phytol, 236(6): 2282-2293. |
[167] | Shiono K, Ogawa S, Yamazaki S, Isoda H, Fujimura T, Nakazono M, Colmer T D. 2011. Contrasting dynamics of radial O2- loss barrier induction and aerenchyma formation in rice roots of two lengths. Ann Bot, 107(1): 89-99. |
[168] | Singh J S, Strong P J. 2016. Biologically derived fertilizer: A multifaceted bio-tool in methane mitigation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 124: 267-276. |
[169] | Sojka R E. 1988. Measurement of root porosity (volume of root air space). Environ Exp Bot, 28(4): 275-280. |
[170] | Souza R, Yin J, Calabrese S. 2021. Optimal drainage timing for mitigating methane emissions from rice paddy fields. Geoderma, 394: 114986. |
[171] | Sriphirom P, Chidthaisong A, Yagi K, Tripetchkul S, Towprayoon S. 2020. Evaluation of biochar applications combined with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management in rice field as a methane mitigation option for farmers’ adoption. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 66(1): 235-246. |
[172] | Steffens B, Geske T, Sauter M. 2011. Aerenchyma formation in the rice stem and its promotion by H2O2. New Phytol, 190(2): 369-378. |
[173] | Su J, Hu C, Yan X, Jin Y, Chen Z, Guan Q, Wang Y, Zhong D, Jansson C, Wang F, Schnürer A, Sun C. 2015. Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high-starch low-methane rice. Nature, 523: 602-606. |
[174] | Sun C X, Palmqvist S, Olsson H, Borén M, Ahlandsberg S, Jansson C. 2003. A novel WRKY transcription factor, SUSIBA2, participates in sugar signaling in barley by binding to the sugar- responsive elements of the iso1 promoter. Plant Cell, 15(9): 2076-2092. |
[175] | Tokida T, Fumoto T, Cheng W, Matsunami T, Adachi M, Katayanagi N, Matsushima M, Okawara Y, Nakamura H, Okada M, Sameshima R, Hasegawa T. 2010. Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and soil warming on CH4 emission from a rice paddy field: Impact assessment and stoichiometric evaluation. Biogeosciences, 7(9): 2639-2653. |
[176] | Tokida T, Nakajima Y, Hayashi K, Usui Y, Katayanagi N, Kajiura M, Nakamura H, Hasegawa T. 2014. Fully automated, high- throughput instrumentation for measuring the δ13C value of methane and application of the instrumentation to rice paddy samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 28(21): 2315-2324. |
[177] | Tsuruta H, Kanda K, Hirose T. 1997. Nitrous oxide emission from a rice paddy field in Japan. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 49(1): 51-58. |
[178] | Uga Y, Sugimoto K, Ogawa S, Rane J, Ishitani M, Hara N, Kitomi Y, Inukai Y, Ono K, Kanno N, Inoue H, Takehisa H, Motoyama R, Nagamura Y, Wu J Z, Matsumoto T, Takai T, Okuno K, Yano M. 2013. Control of root system architecture by DEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions. Nat Genet, 45(9): 1097-1102. |
[179] | Umehara M, Hanada A, Yoshida S, Akiyama K, Arite T, Takeda- Kamiya N, Magome H, Kamiya Y, Shirasu K, Yoneyama K, Kyozuka J, Yamaguchi S. 2008. Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. Nature, 455: 195-200. |
[180] | Uno K, Ishido K, Xuan L N, Huu C N, Minamikawa K. 2021. Multiple drainage can deliver higher rice yield and lower methane emission in paddy fields in An Giang Province, Vietnam. Paddy Water Environ, 19(4): 623-634. |
[181] | van Bodegom P, Goudriaan J, Leffelaar P. 2001a. A mechanistic model on methane oxidation in a rice rhizosphere. Biogeochemistry, 55(2): 145-177. |
[182] | van Bodegom P, Stams F, Mollema L, Boeke S, Leffelaar P. 2001b. Methane oxidation and the competition for oxygen in the rice rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol, 67(8): 3586-3597. |
[183] | Vann C D, Megonigal J P. 2003. Elevated CO2 and water depth regulation of methane emissions: Comparison of woody and non-woody wetland plant species. Biogeochemistry, 63(2): 117-134. |
[184] | Vijayalakshmi D, Raveendran M. 2023. Introgression of Sub1 QTL alters aerenchyma-mediated gas exchange and stored carbohydrates to maintain yield under flooding stress in rice. J Crop Sci Biotechnol, 26(1): 39-49. |
[185] | Vinarao R, Proud C, Snell P, Shu F K, Mitchell J. 2021. QTL validation and development of SNP-based high throughput molecular markers targeting a genomic region conferring narrow root cone angle in aerobic rice production systems. Plants, 10(10): 2099. |
[186] | Wakeman A, Bennett T. 2023. Auxins and grass shoot architecture: How the most important hormone makes the most important plants. J Exp Bot, erad288. |
[187] | Wang B, Neue H U, Samonte H P. 1997. Effect of cultivar difference (‘IR72’, ‘IR65598’ and ‘Dular’) on methane emission. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 62(1): 31-40. |
[188] | Wang J Y, Ciais P, Smith P, Yan X Y, Kuzyakov Y, Liu S W, Li T T, Zou J W. 2023. The role of rice cultivation in changes in atmospheric methane concentration and the Global Methane Pledge. Glob Change Biol, 29(10): 2776-2789. |
[189] | Wang Q, Hu Y B, Xie H J, Yang Z C. 2018. Constructed wetlands: A review on the role of radial oxygen loss in the rhizosphere by macrophytes. Water, 10(6): 678. |
[190] | Wang Z P, Lindau C W, Delaune R D, Patrick Jr W H. 1993. Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties. Biol Fertil Soils, 16(3): 163-168. |
[191] | Wassmann R, Alberto M C, Tirol-Padre A, Hoang N T, Romasanta R, Centeno C A, Sander B O. 2018. Increasing sensitivity of methane emission measurements in rice through deployment of ‘closed chambers’ at nighttime. PLoS One, 13(2): e0191352. |
[192] | Weerakoon W M W, Mutunayake M M P, Bandara C, Rao A N, Bhandari D C, Ladha J K. 2011. Direct-seeded rice culture in Sri Lanka: Lessons from farmers. Field Crops Res, 121(1): 53-63. |
[193] | Woo Y M, Park H J, Su’udi M, Yang J I, Park J J, Back K, Park Y M, An G. 2007. Constitutively wilted 1, a member of the rice YUCCA gene family, is required for maintaining water homeostasis and an appropriate root to shoot ratio. Plant Mol Biol, 65(1/2): 125-136. |
[194] | Wu Q G, He Y, Qi Z M, Jiang Q J. 2022. Drainage in paddy systems maintains rice yield and reduces total greenhouse gas emissions on the global scale. J Clean Prod, 370: 133515. |
[195] | Xing Y D, Wang N, Zhang T Q, Zhang Q L, Du D, Chen X L, Lu X, Zhang Y Y, Zhu M D, Liu M M, Sang X C, Li Y F, Ling Y H, He G H. 2021. SHORT-ROOT1 is critical to cell division and tracheary element development in rice roots. Plant J, 105(5): 1179-1191. |
[196] | Xu H S, Zhu B, Liu J N, Li D Y, Yang Y D, Zhang K, Jiang Y, Hu Y G, Zeng Z H. 2017. Azolla planting reduces methane emission and nitrogen fertilizer application in double rice cropping system in Southern China. Agron Sustain Dev, 37(4): 29. |
[197] | Yagi K, Tsuruta H, Kanda K I, Minami K. 1996. Effect of water management on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field: Automated methane monitoring. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 10(2): 255-267. |
[198] | Yamauchi T, Nakazono M. 2022. Modeling-based age-dependent analysis reveals the net patterns of ethylene-dependent and -independent aerenchyma formation in rice and maize roots. Plant Sci, 321: 111340. |
[199] | Yamauchi T, Shiono K, Nagano M, Fukazawa A, Ando M, Takamure I, Mori H, Nishizawa N K, Kawai-Yamada M, Tsutsumi N, Kato K, Nakazono M. 2015. Ethylene biosynthesis is promoted by very-long-chain fatty acids during lysigenous aerenchyma formation in rice roots. Plant Physiol, 169(1): 180-193. |
[200] | Yan X L, Liao H, Beebe S E, Blair M W, Lynch J P. 2004. QTL mapping of root hair and acid exudation traits and their relationship to phosphorus uptake in common bean. Plant Soil, 265(1): 17-29. |
[201] | Yan Y P, Ding C Q, Zhang G H, Hu J, Zhu L, Zeng D L, Qian Q, Ren D Y. 2023. Genetic and environmental control of rice tillering. Crop J, 11(5): 1287-1302. |
[202] | Yin Y G, Mori Y, Suzui N, Kurita K, Yamaguchi M, Miyoshi Y, Nagao Y, Ashikari M, Nagai K, Kawachi N. 2021. Noninvasive imaging of hollow structures and gas movement revealed the gas partial-pressure-gradient-driven long-distance gas movement in the aerenchyma along the leaf blade to submerged organs in rice. New Phytol, 232(5): 1974-1984. |
[203] | Yu Z M, Kang B, He X W, Lv S L, Bai Y H, Ding W N, Chen M, Hyung-Taeg C, Wu P. 2011. Root hair-specific expansins modulate root hair elongation in rice. Plant J, 66(5): 725-734. |
[204] | Yue J, Shi Y, Liang W, Wu J, Wang C R, Huang G H. 2005. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice field and related microorganism in black soil, northeastern China. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 73(2): 293-301. |
[205] | Yue P, Cui X Q, Zuo X A, Li K H, Wang S K, Jia Y Y, Misselbrook T, Liu X J. 2021. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to ecosystem respiration and methane flux in an ephemeral plants-dominated desert. Land Degrad Dev, 32(4): 1844-1853. |
[206] | Zhang H, Zhu S S, Liu T Z, Wang C M, Cheng Z J, Zhang X, Chen L P, Sheng P K, Cai M H, Li C N, Wang J C, Zhang Z, Chai J T, Zhou L, Lei C L, Guo X P, Wang J L, Wang J, Jiang L, Wu C Y, Wan J M. 2019. DELAYED HEADING DATE1 interacts with OsHAP5C/D, delays flowering time and enhances yield in rice. Plant Biotechnol J, 17(2): 531-539. |
[207] | Zhang J Y, Liu Y X, Zhang N, Hu B, Jin T, Xu H R, Qin Y, Yan P X, Zhang X N, Guo X X, Hui J, Cao S Y, Wang X, Wang C, Wang H, Qu B Y, Fan G Y, Yuan L X, Garrido-Oter R, Chu C C, Bai Y. 2019. NRT1.1B is associated with root microbiota composition and nitrogen use in field-grown rice. Nat Biotechnol, 37(6): 676-684. |
[208] | Zhang X, Wang L, Ma F, Shan D. 2015. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on N2O emissions from rice paddies. Water Air Soil Pollut, 226(7): 222. |
[209] | Zhang X C, Fan Y, Shabala S, Koutoulis A, Shabala L, Johnson P, Hu H L, Zhou M X. 2017. A new major-effect QTL for waterlogging tolerance in wild barley (H. spontaneum). Theor Appl Genet, 130(8): 1559-1568. |
[210] | Zhao B, Zhang J, Lv X, Peng L, Padilla H. 2013. Methane oxidation enhancement of rice roots with stimulus to its shoots. Plant Soil Environ, 59(4): 143-149. |
[211] | Zheng H B, Fu Z Q, Zhong J, Long W F. 2018. Low methane emission in rice cultivars with high radial oxygen loss. Plant Soil, 431(1): 119-128. |
[212] | Ziska L H, Moya T B, Wassmann R, Namuco O S, Lantin R S, Aduna J B, Abao Jr E, Bronson K F, Neue H U, Olszyk D. 1998. Long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide stimulates methane emission in tropical paddy rice. Glob Change Biol, 4(6): 657-665. |
[213] | Zou J W, Huang Y, Jiang J Y, Zheng X H, Sass R L. 2005. A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China: Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application. Glob Biogeochem Cycle, 19: GB2021. |
[1] | Asadi Hossein, Ghorbani Mohammad, Rezaei-Rashti Mehran, Abrishamkesh Sepideh, Amirahmadi Elnaz, Chengrong Chen, Gorji Manouchehr. Application of Rice Husk Biochar for Achieving Sustainable Agriculture and Environment [J]. Rice Science, 2021, 28(4): 325-343. |
[2] | MA Yi-hu, GU Dao-jian, LIU Li-jun, WANG Zhi-qin, ZHANG Hao, YANG Jian-chang. Changes in Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields after Application of Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw [J]. RICE SCIENCE, 2014, 21(4): 224-232. |
[3] | KONG Yu, WANG Zhong, CHEN Juan, PAN Xue-tong, LIU Da-tong, ZHANG Er-jin. Effects of Ethephon on Aerenchyma Formation in Rice Roots [J]. RICE SCIENCE, 2009, 16(3): 210-216 . |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||