Advances in Understanding Cadmium Stress and Breeding of Cadmium-Tolerant Crops

doi:10.1016//j.rsci.2024.06.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, due to its significant toxicity, environmental persistence, and the pervasiveness of contamination. Significantly, the bioaccumulation of Cd in agricultural crops constitutes a primary vector for its entry into the human diet. This issue warrants urgent attention from both the scientific community and policymakers to develop and implement effective mitigation strategies. This review delves into the physiological impacts of Cd stress on plants, including the suppression of photosynthetic activity, amplification of oxidative stress, and disruptions in mineral nutrient homeostasis. Additionally, the resistance mechanisms deployed by plants in response to Cd stress have been explored, and the prospective contributions of molecular breeding strategies in augmenting crop tolerance to Cd and minimizing its bioaccumulation have been assessed. By integrating and analyzing these findings, we seek to inform future research trajectories and proffer strategic approaches to enhance agricultural sustainability, safeguard human health, and protect environmental integrity.

Key words: cadmium stress, crop tolerance, physiological response, molecular breeding strategy

Liang Liang, Wang Chenchang, Chen Tao. Advances in Understanding Cadmium Stress and Breeding of Cadmium-Tolerant Crops[J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(5): 507-525.

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1. Key transporter genes involved in cadmium (Cd) stress response in various plant species.

Gene/Transporter	Function/Role	Reference
AtNRAMP3	Cd absorption in Arabidopsis	Thomine et al, 2000
PCR1, PCR2	Cd transfer in Arabidopsis	Song et al, 2004
OsIRT1, OsIRT2	Cd influx transport in rice	Ishimaru et al, 2006
ABCG36/PDR8	Cd efflux in Arabidopsis	Kim et al, 2007
OsHMA3	Cd trafficking from rice roots to vacuoles	Ueno et al, 2010
OsLCT1	Cd transportation and accumulation in rice	Uraguchi et al, 2011
OsNRAMP5	Mn/Cd transport in rice	Takahashi et al, 2011
OsHMA2	Cd and Zn transport to aerial parts in rice	Yamaji et al, 2013
OsZIP3	Cd transport from roots to shoots in rice	Sasaki et al, 2015
OsZIP6	Cd transport from roots to shoots in rice	Kavitha et al, 2015
OsZIP7	Cd transport to developing tissues and grains in rice	Sasaki et al, 2015
HvNRAMP5	Cd uptake in barley	Wu et al, 2016
OsNRAMP1	Mn/Cd transport in rice	Tang et al, 2017
CAL1	Cd binding and secretion in rice	Luo et al, 2018
OsCCX2	Cd loading into xylem vessels in rice	Hao et al, 2018
TpNRAMP5	Cd concentration increase in Polish wheat	Peng et al, 2018
OsABCG36	Cd efflux pump in rice	Fu et al, 2019
OsCd1	Cd uptake in rice root and accumulation in grain	Yan et al, 2019
OsZIP5, OsZIP9	Cd root uptake in rice	Tan et al, 2020

Fig. 1. Presumed transcriptional network associated with cadmium (Cd) signaling in rice. Upon entry of Cd2+ (blue circles) into the cell, it leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, red ellipsoids), activing the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK, green ellipsoids) that transmits the signal to the nucleus. This influences transcription factors (TF, blue ellipsoids), which, in turn, regulate the downstream expression of Cd transporters (aggregate of ellipsoids), metal-binding proteins (brown ellipsoids), and metal chelators (yellow ellipsoids). Additionally, miR390 increases the expression of OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2, enhancing Cd uptake and transport in rice, while miR166 degrades OsHB4 mRNA, reducing OsHB4 expression and thereby decreasing Cd accumulation and increasing Cd tolerance. GSH, Glutathione.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of cadmium (Cd) uptake, transport, and remobilization in rice. The blue dots represent Cd and Cd2+, while the cylindrical shapes on the cell membrane depict proteins that facilitate the entry and exit of Cd2+. The ellipsoids, colored brown and green, represent the chelators of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and glutathione (GSH), respectively. Proteins within the dashed rectangular structures are involved in the transport of Cd in the stem, as well as those participating in the mobilization of Cd in seeds and leaves.

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