Rice Science ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 405-416.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.04.002
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Ammara Latif1(), Sun Ying1, Pu Cuixia1, Noman Ali2
Received:
2022-12-27
Accepted:
2023-04-23
Online:
2023-09-28
Published:
2023-08-14
Contact:
Ammara Latif (Ammara Latif, Sun Ying, Pu Cuixia, Noman Ali. Rice Curled Its Leaves Either Adaxially or Abaxially to Combat Drought Stress[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(5): 405-416.
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Crop | Water required | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth (cm) | Quantity (L/kg) | Depth (cm) | Depth (cm) | Quantity (L/plant) | |
Rice | 95‒100 | 2 497 | 182 | 90‒250 | 23.95 |
Wheat | ‒ | 1 350 | 75 | 45‒65 | 6.91 |
Maize | 40‒45 | 1 222 | 84 | 50‒80 | ‒ |
Potato | ‒ | 287 | 88 | 50‒70 | 30.11 |
Cotton | 60‒75 | 10 000 | ‒ | 70‒130 | ‒ |
Groundnut | 60‒65 | ‒ | ‒ | 50‒70 | 17.84 |
Table 1. Rice water requirements compared with main crops reported in the preceding decade.
Crop | Water required | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth (cm) | Quantity (L/kg) | Depth (cm) | Depth (cm) | Quantity (L/plant) | |
Rice | 95‒100 | 2 497 | 182 | 90‒250 | 23.95 |
Wheat | ‒ | 1 350 | 75 | 45‒65 | 6.91 |
Maize | 40‒45 | 1 222 | 84 | 50‒80 | ‒ |
Potato | ‒ | 287 | 88 | 50‒70 | 30.11 |
Cotton | 60‒75 | 10 000 | ‒ | 70‒130 | ‒ |
Groundnut | 60‒65 | ‒ | ‒ | 50‒70 | 17.84 |
Fig. 2. Comparison of rice leaf anatomy under normal (A) and drought stress conditions (B) (Sun et al, 2020). BC and SC represent bulliform cells and sclerenchyma cells, respectively. Scale bars, 20 μm.
Gene abbreviation | Gene full name | Transcription factor/ Gene regulator | Functional role in leaf rolling | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ADL1 | ADAXIALIZED LEAF1 | Calpain-like cysteine protease | Involved in abaxial leaf rolling | Hibara et al, |
SLL1 | SHALLOT-LIKE1 | MYB family transcriptional factor class SHAQKYF | Controls the growth of sclerenchyma cells | Zhang et al, |
ACL1 | abaxially curled leaf 1 | Unidentified protein | Determines the development of leaves | Li et al, |
NRL1 | NARROW AND ROLLED LEAF 1 | Cellulose synthase like protein D4 | Regulates cell formation | Hu et al, |
CFL1 | CURLY FLAG LEAF1 | A homeodomain transcription factor class IV | Governs cuticle development | Wu et al, |
ROC5 | Rice outermost cell-specific gene5 | A homeodomain leucine zipper class IV transcriptional factor | Regulates the formation of bulliform cells | Zou et al, |
RL14 | Rolling-leaf14 | 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase | Controls the secondary cell wall formation | Fang et al, |
LC1 | LEAF INCLINATION1 | T-DNA insert in LOC_Os07g38664 | Directs cell division | Zhao et al, |
OsZHD1 | zinc finger homeodomain 1 | ZF-HD transcription factor | Participates in abaxial rolling | Xu et al, |
SLL2 | SHALLOT-LIKE2 | Unidentified plant-specific protein | Controls the size and shape of bulliform cell | Zhang et al, |
REL1 | Rolled and Erect Leaf 1 | Unknown protein | Positive regulator of leaf rolling | Chen et al, |
OsI-BAK1 | Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 | Unknown | Involved in BR signaling pathway | Khew et al, |
OsARF18 | AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR18 | Target of mirna160 | Involved in auxin signaling | Huang et al, |
REL2 | Rolled and Erect Leaf 2 | An unknown protein containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains | Defines the leaf shape | Yang et al, |
OsLBD3-7 | lateral organ boundary domain 3-7 | DUF260 domain protein | Serves as an activator of transcription | Pina et al, |
CLD1/SRL1 | CURLED LEAF AND DWARF 1 | GPI anchored protein | Controls osmotic adjustment and cell wall integrity | Li et al, |
OsRRK1 | Rop-interesting receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 | Unidentified | Causes adaxial rolling by controlling the size of bulliform cells | Ma et al, |
RFS | Rolled Fine Striped | CHD3/Mi-2 | Regulates leaf polarity | Cho et al, |
OSHB4 | HOMEODOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 | HD-ZIP class III gene | Responsible for adaxial curling due to a decrease in number of bulliform cells | Zhang et al, |
OsCHR4 | Chromatin remodeling factor 4 | CHD3 chromatin modeler | Encourages thin and curled leaf phenotype with thicker cuticular wax | Guo et al, |
PSL1 | PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1 | Cell wall-localized polygalacturonase | Enhances drought tolerance by modifying the cell wall and leaf rolling phenotype | Zhang et al, |
SRL3 | SEMI-ROLLED LEAF 3 | Novel gene with unknown protein | Responsible for abnormal development of bulliform and sclerenchyma cells | Yu X Q et al, |
ditl1 | Drought insensitive TILLING line 1 | Deletion of one nucleotide on LOC_Os05g48260 gene | Decreases water loss and leaf rolling by accumulating cuticular wax at epidermal cells | Choi et al, |
OsMLP423 | Major latex protein 423 | Belongs to major latex protein family | Heightens drought tolerance by curling leaves | Zhou et al, |
Table 2. List of genes/transcription factors responsible for adaxial and abaxial leaf rolling in rice.
Gene abbreviation | Gene full name | Transcription factor/ Gene regulator | Functional role in leaf rolling | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ADL1 | ADAXIALIZED LEAF1 | Calpain-like cysteine protease | Involved in abaxial leaf rolling | Hibara et al, |
SLL1 | SHALLOT-LIKE1 | MYB family transcriptional factor class SHAQKYF | Controls the growth of sclerenchyma cells | Zhang et al, |
ACL1 | abaxially curled leaf 1 | Unidentified protein | Determines the development of leaves | Li et al, |
NRL1 | NARROW AND ROLLED LEAF 1 | Cellulose synthase like protein D4 | Regulates cell formation | Hu et al, |
CFL1 | CURLY FLAG LEAF1 | A homeodomain transcription factor class IV | Governs cuticle development | Wu et al, |
ROC5 | Rice outermost cell-specific gene5 | A homeodomain leucine zipper class IV transcriptional factor | Regulates the formation of bulliform cells | Zou et al, |
RL14 | Rolling-leaf14 | 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase | Controls the secondary cell wall formation | Fang et al, |
LC1 | LEAF INCLINATION1 | T-DNA insert in LOC_Os07g38664 | Directs cell division | Zhao et al, |
OsZHD1 | zinc finger homeodomain 1 | ZF-HD transcription factor | Participates in abaxial rolling | Xu et al, |
SLL2 | SHALLOT-LIKE2 | Unidentified plant-specific protein | Controls the size and shape of bulliform cell | Zhang et al, |
REL1 | Rolled and Erect Leaf 1 | Unknown protein | Positive regulator of leaf rolling | Chen et al, |
OsI-BAK1 | Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 | Unknown | Involved in BR signaling pathway | Khew et al, |
OsARF18 | AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR18 | Target of mirna160 | Involved in auxin signaling | Huang et al, |
REL2 | Rolled and Erect Leaf 2 | An unknown protein containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains | Defines the leaf shape | Yang et al, |
OsLBD3-7 | lateral organ boundary domain 3-7 | DUF260 domain protein | Serves as an activator of transcription | Pina et al, |
CLD1/SRL1 | CURLED LEAF AND DWARF 1 | GPI anchored protein | Controls osmotic adjustment and cell wall integrity | Li et al, |
OsRRK1 | Rop-interesting receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 | Unidentified | Causes adaxial rolling by controlling the size of bulliform cells | Ma et al, |
RFS | Rolled Fine Striped | CHD3/Mi-2 | Regulates leaf polarity | Cho et al, |
OSHB4 | HOMEODOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 | HD-ZIP class III gene | Responsible for adaxial curling due to a decrease in number of bulliform cells | Zhang et al, |
OsCHR4 | Chromatin remodeling factor 4 | CHD3 chromatin modeler | Encourages thin and curled leaf phenotype with thicker cuticular wax | Guo et al, |
PSL1 | PHOTO-SENSITIVE LEAF ROLLING 1 | Cell wall-localized polygalacturonase | Enhances drought tolerance by modifying the cell wall and leaf rolling phenotype | Zhang et al, |
SRL3 | SEMI-ROLLED LEAF 3 | Novel gene with unknown protein | Responsible for abnormal development of bulliform and sclerenchyma cells | Yu X Q et al, |
ditl1 | Drought insensitive TILLING line 1 | Deletion of one nucleotide on LOC_Os05g48260 gene | Decreases water loss and leaf rolling by accumulating cuticular wax at epidermal cells | Choi et al, |
OsMLP423 | Major latex protein 423 | Belongs to major latex protein family | Heightens drought tolerance by curling leaves | Zhou et al, |
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