Effects of Zinc Oxide Particles with Different Sizes on Root Development in Oryza sativa

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.016

Abstract

Abstract:

Given the consistent release of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into the environment, it is urgent to study their impact on plants in depth. In this study, grains of rice were treated with two different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (NP-ZnO, 10 and 100 mg/L), and their bulk counterpart (B-ZnO) were used to evaluate whether ZnO action could depend on particle size. To test this hypothesis, root growth and development assessment, oxidative stress parameters, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and molecules/enzymes involved in IAA metabolism were analyzed. In situ localization of Zn in control and treated roots was also performed. Though Zn was visible inside root cells only following nanoparticle treatment, both materials (NP-ZnO and B-ZnO) were able to affect seedling growth and root morphology, with alteration in the concentration/pattern of localization of oxidative stress markers and with a different action depending on particle size. In addition, only ZnO supplied as bulk material induced a significant increase in both IAA concentration and lateral root density, supporting our hypothesis that bulk particles might enhance lateral root development through the rise of IAA concentration. Apparently, IAA concentration was influenced more by the activity of the catabolic peroxidases than by the protective action of phenols.

Key words: zinc oxide, indole-3-acetic acid, lateral root, rice, bulk particle, nanoparticle

Monica Ruffini Castiglione, Stefania Bottega, Carlo Sorce, Carmelina SpanÒ. Effects of Zinc Oxide Particles with Different Sizes on Root Development in Oryza sativa[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(5): 449-458.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1. Lengths of root and coleoptile, and concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and phenol in rice after 7 d of imbibition under different conditions.

Condition	Root length (RL, mm)	Coleoptile length (CL, mm)	Ratio of RL to CL	H₂O₂ concentration (µmol/g)	TBARS concentration (nmol/g)	Phenol concentration (mg/g)
Water	76.49 ± 3.03 a	23.71 ± 0.67 bc	3.22 ± 0.12 a	0.50 ± 0.02 b	12.06 ± 0.14 b	0.35 ± 0.00 b
NP10	85.58 ± 2.59 a	27.28 ± 0.75 a	3.14 ± 0.22 a	0.47 ± 0.07 b	12.84 ± 0.07 a	0.31 ± 0.00 d
NP100	62.80 ± 1.84 b	25.64 ± 0.76 b	2.45 ± 0.04 b	0.72 ± 0.07 a	10.41 ± 0.14 c	0.44 ± 0.01 a
B10	76.27 ± 2.62 a	21.25 ± 0.75 c	3.59 ± 0.24 a	0.49 ± 0.07 b	9.64 ± 0.07 d	0.26 ± 0.00 e
B100	54.25 ± 1.99 b	22.35 ± 0.68 c	2.43 ± 0.03 b	0.61 ± 0.02 ab	10.28 ± 0.14 c	0.33 ± 0.00 c

Fig. 1. Lateral root (LR) density (A, expressed as number of LRs/cm) and indole-3-acetic acid concentration (IAA, B) in roots of rice after 7 d of imbibition under different conditions. CK, Control (water); NP10, 10 mg/L zinc oxide nanoparticle (NP-ZnO); NP100, 100 mg/L NP-ZnO; B10, 10 mg/L bulk counterpart (B-ZnO); B100, 100 mg/L B-ZnO. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 4). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences by the post hoc Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05).

Fig. 2. Histochemical detection of Zn in rice roots of comparable developmental stage after treatment with dithizone. A and B, Control (water); C and D, 10 mg/L zinc oxide nanoparticle (NP-ZnO); E and F, 100 mg/L NP-ZnO; G and H, 10 mg/L bulk counterpart (B-ZnO); I and J, 100 mg/L B-ZnO. The images on the right side show representative details at higher magnification of the roots on the left side.

Fig. 3. Histochemical detection of H2O2 by amplex ultra-red reagent (A) and lipid peroxidation by bodipy reagent (B). CK, Control (water); NP10, 10 mg/L zinc oxide nanoparticle (NP-ZnO); NP100, 100 mg/L NP-ZnO; B10, 10 mg/L bulk counterpart (B-ZnO); B100, 100 mg/L B-ZnO.

Fig. 4. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidation activity (A), guaiacol peroxidase (POX) activity (B) and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of guaiacol peroxidase (C) from rice roots after 7 d of imbibition. In A and B, enzymatic activities are expressed as U/mg protein. CK, Control (water); NP10, 10 mg/L zinc oxide nanoparticle (NP-ZnO); NP100, 100 mg/L NP-ZnO; B10, 10 mg/L bulk counterpart (B-ZnO); B100, 100 mg/L B-ZnO. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 4). In C, B1, B2, B3 and B4 represent different bands of enzymatic activity.

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