Rice Science

Rice Science

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Effect of Hydroponically Supplied Selenium Forms on Cadmium and Nickel Accumulation in Rice

  1. Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
  • Contact: Mirko SALINITRO
  • Supported by:

    We acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, for the provision of experimental facilities. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III beamline P06, and we would like to thank Gerald Falkenberg and Jan Garrevoet for assistance in using the Microprobe. Beam time was allocated for proposal I-20230694 EC. This research was supported in part through the Maxwell computational re­sources operated at Deutsches Elektronen- Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany. This article processing charges were funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2022 research and innovation program, under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship grant agreement No. 101105237. We would like to thank Arianna Bonino for the help with plant material elemental analysis.

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Abstract:

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers face challenges with metal accumulation in grain, with nickel (Ni) recently emerging as a concern due to its potential to exceed legal limits, alongside cadmium (Cd). Information on Ni behaviour and its interaction with Cd remains limited. Selenium (Se) is commonly used for rice biofortification and can reduce the accumulation of toxic metals in plants. Therefore, this study explores how Ni and Cd influence mutual accumulation in rice and examines the impact of different Se forms on these interactions. Plants were grown hydroponically with various combinations of Cd (5 or 20 μmol/L), Ni (20 μmol/L), and Se (5 μmol/L) as selenate (Se6+) or selenite (Se4+) for 7 d. Plant growth, lipid peroxidation, and element accumulation were measured, and the distribution of Se and Ni in tissues was assayed using synchrotron µXRF 2D imaging. Cd and Ni were found to be toxic to rice, reducing leaf and root biomass by 40%‒50% and inducing oxidative stress. However, their combined presence did not further exacerbate leaf growth reduction. Cd reduced root Ni accumulation by approximately 50% at equimolar concentrations, likely due to competitive inhibition at shared transport sites. Se promoted root growth in the presence of Ni and low Cd, suggesting an antioxidant role in mitigating metal-induced stress. However, high doses of Ni and Cd together significantly reduced Se accumulation (by 60% and 77% for Se4+ in roots and Se6+ in leaves, respectively) and caused severe oxidative stress in the presence of Se4+. The effectiveness of Se biofortification varied depending on the Se form: Se6+ was more effective at reducing Ni accumulation, while Se4+ effectively reduced Cd accumulation (by 45%‒75%) at low concentration and Ni accumulation in the absence of Cd (by 50%). In conclusion, this study highlights that Se can mitigate Cd and Ni accumulation in rice. However, the co-presence of Cd and Ni may compromise Se enrichment in rice, highlighting the complexity of their interactions.

Key words: biofortification, lipid peroxidation, metal mapping, metal transport, μXRF imaging, oxidative stress