Rice Science ›› 2019, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (5): 290-299.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2019.08.003
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Woranoot Kamrai1, Buaruang Rattikarn2, Aranyakanon Kodchakorn2, Ratanasut Kumrop3, Kongbangkerd Anupan1, Jannoey Panatda2, Nangngam Pranee1, Choopayak Chonnanit2()
Received:
2018-06-18
Accepted:
2018-10-08
Online:
2019-09-28
Published:
2019-05-24
Woranoot Kamrai, Buaruang Rattikarn, Aranyakanon Kodchakorn, Ratanasut Kumrop, Kongbangkerd Anupan, Jannoey Panatda, Nangngam Pranee, Choopayak Chonnanit. Fusarium solani Upregulated Sesquiterpene Synthase Expression, Sesquiterpene Production and Allelopathic Activity in Piper betle[J]. Rice Science, 2019, 26(5): 290-299.
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Fig. 1. Expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR of STS in P. betle tissue culture following Fungi infection. Bars are SE (n = 3), and the lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.
Fig. 2. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from P. betle tissue culture after 3 d of F. solani treatment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A shows VOCs, including phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes, while B shows only sesquiterpene peaks for retention time of 11.4 to13.2 min.
Peak | Retention time (min) | Compound | Property | Relative area (%) | Fold change a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreatment | Treatment | |||||
1 | 9.75 | Chavicol | Phenylpropanoid | 1.39 | 0.93 | 1.5 |
2 | 11.39 | Isoeugenol | Phenylpropanoid | 8.6 | 15.25 | 1.8 |
3 | 11.53 | α-copaene | Sesquiterpene | 0.18 | 0.51 | 2.8 |
4 | 11.7 | β-cubebene | Sesquiterpene | 0.21 | 0.79 | 3.8 |
5 | 12.13 | β-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 0.78 | 2.41 | 3.1 |
6 | 12.56 | α-humulene | Sesquiterpene | 0.21 | 0.58 | 2.8 |
7 | 12.81 | α-amorphene | Sesquiterpene | 0.89 | 2.5 | 2.8 |
8 | 12.9 | Germacrene D | Sesquiterpene | 3.31 | 9.46 | 2.9 |
9 | 13.09 | Bicyclogermacrene | Sesquiterpene | 0.9 | 2.41 | 2.7 |
10 | 13.35 | Eugenol acetate | Phenylpropanoid | 4.5 | 7.94 | 1.8 |
11 | 14.73 | Allylpyrocatechol-3,4-diacetate | Phenylpropanoid | 17.43 | 14.73 | 1.2 |
Table 1 Volatile organic compounds in untreated and F. solani-treated leaf tissue culture extracts.
Peak | Retention time (min) | Compound | Property | Relative area (%) | Fold change a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreatment | Treatment | |||||
1 | 9.75 | Chavicol | Phenylpropanoid | 1.39 | 0.93 | 1.5 |
2 | 11.39 | Isoeugenol | Phenylpropanoid | 8.6 | 15.25 | 1.8 |
3 | 11.53 | α-copaene | Sesquiterpene | 0.18 | 0.51 | 2.8 |
4 | 11.7 | β-cubebene | Sesquiterpene | 0.21 | 0.79 | 3.8 |
5 | 12.13 | β-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 0.78 | 2.41 | 3.1 |
6 | 12.56 | α-humulene | Sesquiterpene | 0.21 | 0.58 | 2.8 |
7 | 12.81 | α-amorphene | Sesquiterpene | 0.89 | 2.5 | 2.8 |
8 | 12.9 | Germacrene D | Sesquiterpene | 3.31 | 9.46 | 2.9 |
9 | 13.09 | Bicyclogermacrene | Sesquiterpene | 0.9 | 2.41 | 2.7 |
10 | 13.35 | Eugenol acetate | Phenylpropanoid | 4.5 | 7.94 | 1.8 |
11 | 14.73 | Allylpyrocatechol-3,4-diacetate | Phenylpropanoid | 17.43 | 14.73 | 1.2 |
Fig. 3. Effects of F. solani-treated extracts of P. betle on the germination of O. sativa (A), E. prostrata (B), C. barbata (C) and E. crus-galli (D). T1, 0.5% Tween 80 (control); T2, 0.1 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T3, 0.5 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T4, 1.0 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts.
Fig. 4. Effects of untreated and F. solani-treated extracts of P. betle on the root length of O. sativa (A), E. prostrata (B), C. barbata (C) and E. crus-galli (D). T1, 0.5% Tween 80 (control); T2, 0.1 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T3, 0.5 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T4, 1.0 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts.
Fig. 5. Effects of untreated and F. solani-treated extracts of P. betle on the shoot length of O. sativa (A), E. prostrata (B), C. barbata (C) and E. crus-galli (D). T1, 0.5% Tween 80 (control); T2, 0.1 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T3, 0.5 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts; T4, 1.0 mg/mL ethyl acetate extracts.Bars are SE (n = 3) and the lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.
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