Rice Science ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 269-284.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.012
收稿日期:2023-09-22
接受日期:2023-11-08
出版日期:2024-05-28
发布日期:2024-06-04
. [J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(3): 269-284.
Fig. 1. Common occurrence and field morphology of rice false smut. A, Global distribution of rice false smut. The geographical locations of rice false smut occurrence in different continents were marked with different colors. B, Occurrence of rice false smut in the field. C, Diseased rice panicles with green-black false smut balls in the paddy field.
Fig. 2. Infection cycle of Ustilaginoidea virens in the field. a, Rice false smut spores on rice panicles are transmitted to the paddy field through wind and rain. b, The overwintering sclerotia germinated to form ascospores. c, Overwintering chlamydospores germinate to form conidia. d, Ascospores produce conidia. e, Conidia are epiphytic in the roots or coleoptiles of rice seedlings. f, Conidia infect panicles at the booting stage of rice. g, Ascospores infect panicles at the booting stage of rice. h‒j, Seeds with U. virens grow in the field.
| Gene | Deletion mutant | Gene function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| UvSUN2 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for growth, cell wall construction, and stress response | Yu et al, |
| Uvt-1241 | Reduced virulence | Important in growth and pathogenesis | Bo et al, |
| UvPRO1 | Reduced virulence | Important in mycelial growth and conidiation as well as stress response and pathogenesis | Lv et al, |
| UvHOG1 | Reduced virulence | Important in regulating stress response, mycelial growth, and possible secondary metabolism | Zheng et al, |
| Uvt3277 | Reduced virulence | Important functions related to pathogenesis | Zheng et al, |
| Uv_1261 | Increased virulence | Crucial to virulence and inhibition defense of rice flowers | Fan et al, |
| UvAcI, UvPdeH | Reduced virulence | Important for the regulation of conidiation, stress response, virulence, and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels | Guo et al, |
| UvBI-1 | Loss of virulence | Negative in mycelial growth and conidiation, and essential for stress tolerance, cell wall integrity, production of secondary metabolites, and pathogenicity | Xie et al, |
| UvHox2 | Reduced virulence | Regulation of chlamydial spore formation, conidiation, and pathogenicity | Yu J J et al, |
| UvGATA | Reduced virulence | Important for fungi in pathogenicity and reactive oxygen stress tolerance | Yu M N et al, |
| UvCom1 | Reduced virulence | Affects vegetative growth and division, and the ability to stably utilize host nutrients | Chen et al, |
| UvPaL1 | Reduced virulence | Affects mycelial growth, cell morphology, stress adaptation, and virulence | Chen et al, |
| UvHrip1 | Reduced virulence | Inhibits the defense response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns in Arabidopsis seedlings and plants and promotes disease reproduction in Arabidopsis | Li S et al, |
| UvAtg8 | Reduced virulence | Essential for fungal growth, stress response, needle formation, secondary spore formation, and pathogenicity | Meng et al, |
| UvPsr1 | Reduced virulence | Essential for mycelial growth, conidiation, stress response, and pathogenicity | Xiong et al, |
| MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 | Reduced virulence | Important in division, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity | Yong et al, |
| MAT1-1-3 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for fruiting body and sclerotium formation, asexual development, and pathogenicity | Yong et al, |
| UvPmk1, UvCDc2 | Loss of virulence | Important in conidia, stress response, and pathogenicity | Zhang et al, |
| UvCap1 | Reduced virulence | Important in development and pathogenicity | Cao et al, |
| UvCCHC5 | Reduced virulence | Affects stress response, vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence | Chen et al, |
| UvEC1 | Reduced virulence | Affects metabolism, protein localization, catalytic activity, binding, toxin biosynthesis, and splicing | Chen et al, |
| UvCGBP1 | Reduced virulence | Regulates fungal virulence through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway | Chen et al, |
| UvCBP1 | Increased virulence | Manipulates plant immunity | Li et al, |
| UvKMT6 | Reduced virulence | Affects growth, division, and pathogenicity | Meng et al, |
| UvZnFTF1 | Reduced virulence | Involved in vegetative growth, conidiation, pigment biosynthesis, and pathogenicity | Song T Q et al, |
| UvMsn2 | Reduced virulence | Regulates vegetative growth, conidiation, stress response, mitochondrial morphology, and virulence | Xu et al, |
| UvSMEK1 | Reduced virulence | Regulates pathogenicity, needle formation, and spore germination | Yu J J et al, |
| UvZC1 | Reduced virulence | Involved in vegetative growth, conidium production, and rice infection, and related to the integrity of cell walls and response to oxidative stress | Yu M N et al, |
| UvSUN1 | Reduced virulence | Essential for growth, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity | Yu M N et al, |
| Uvste50 | Reduced virulence | Affects the formation of conidia and rice false smut balls | Cao et al, |
| UvCCHC4 | Reduced virulence | Affects the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, ribosomes, transporters, and ribosome biogenesis | Chen et al, |
| UvWhi2 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for fungal growth, stress response, and secondary spore formation | Meng et al, |
| UvKMT2 | Reduced virulence | Helpful in development, secondary spore formation, virulence, and various stress responses | Meng et al, |
| UvbZIP12 | Reduced virulence | Involved in the regulation of growth, development, and abiotic stress tolerance, but is not necessary for pathogenicity | Qu et al, |
| UvbZIP6 | Reduced virulence | Involved in growth, needle growth, stress response, and ball formation | Qu et al, |
| UvAtg14 | Reduced virulence | Contributes to mycelial growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity | Yu J J et al, |
| UvAtg7 | Reduced virulence | Contributes to mycelial growth, virulence, asexual reproduction, and cell stress response | Yu J J et al, |
| UvZnFTF2 | Reduced virulence | Involved in development and pathogenicity | Song T Q et al, |
| UvVEA | Reduced virulence | Affects the formation of chlamydia spores and the development of rice false smut balls | Yu M N et al, |
| UvSorA, UvSorB | Reduced virulence | Important in mycelial growth, sporulation, cell wall integrity, stress response, and phytotoxicity | Zhang X P et al, |
| UvATG6 | Reduced virulence | Eliminates autophagy of U. virens and reducing growth, conidium production and germination, and virulence | Gu et al, |
| UvATF21 | Reduced virulence | Crucial in vegetative growth, meristem, stress response, and full virulence | Liu Y R et al, |
| UvHst2 | Reduced virulence | As a global regulator of secondary metabolism in U. virens | Liu L et al, |
| UvSnf1 | Reduced virulence | Plays vital roles in virulence and carbon source utilization in U. virens | Wen et al, |
| UvGHF1 | Reduced virulence | An essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern | Zou et al, |
| Uv1809 | Increased virulence | Inhibits rice immunity and promotes U. virens infection | Chen et al, |
Table 1. Genes controlling virulence of Ustilaginoidea virens.
| Gene | Deletion mutant | Gene function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| UvSUN2 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for growth, cell wall construction, and stress response | Yu et al, |
| Uvt-1241 | Reduced virulence | Important in growth and pathogenesis | Bo et al, |
| UvPRO1 | Reduced virulence | Important in mycelial growth and conidiation as well as stress response and pathogenesis | Lv et al, |
| UvHOG1 | Reduced virulence | Important in regulating stress response, mycelial growth, and possible secondary metabolism | Zheng et al, |
| Uvt3277 | Reduced virulence | Important functions related to pathogenesis | Zheng et al, |
| Uv_1261 | Increased virulence | Crucial to virulence and inhibition defense of rice flowers | Fan et al, |
| UvAcI, UvPdeH | Reduced virulence | Important for the regulation of conidiation, stress response, virulence, and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels | Guo et al, |
| UvBI-1 | Loss of virulence | Negative in mycelial growth and conidiation, and essential for stress tolerance, cell wall integrity, production of secondary metabolites, and pathogenicity | Xie et al, |
| UvHox2 | Reduced virulence | Regulation of chlamydial spore formation, conidiation, and pathogenicity | Yu J J et al, |
| UvGATA | Reduced virulence | Important for fungi in pathogenicity and reactive oxygen stress tolerance | Yu M N et al, |
| UvCom1 | Reduced virulence | Affects vegetative growth and division, and the ability to stably utilize host nutrients | Chen et al, |
| UvPaL1 | Reduced virulence | Affects mycelial growth, cell morphology, stress adaptation, and virulence | Chen et al, |
| UvHrip1 | Reduced virulence | Inhibits the defense response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns in Arabidopsis seedlings and plants and promotes disease reproduction in Arabidopsis | Li S et al, |
| UvAtg8 | Reduced virulence | Essential for fungal growth, stress response, needle formation, secondary spore formation, and pathogenicity | Meng et al, |
| UvPsr1 | Reduced virulence | Essential for mycelial growth, conidiation, stress response, and pathogenicity | Xiong et al, |
| MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 | Reduced virulence | Important in division, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity | Yong et al, |
| MAT1-1-3 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for fruiting body and sclerotium formation, asexual development, and pathogenicity | Yong et al, |
| UvPmk1, UvCDc2 | Loss of virulence | Important in conidia, stress response, and pathogenicity | Zhang et al, |
| UvCap1 | Reduced virulence | Important in development and pathogenicity | Cao et al, |
| UvCCHC5 | Reduced virulence | Affects stress response, vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence | Chen et al, |
| UvEC1 | Reduced virulence | Affects metabolism, protein localization, catalytic activity, binding, toxin biosynthesis, and splicing | Chen et al, |
| UvCGBP1 | Reduced virulence | Regulates fungal virulence through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway | Chen et al, |
| UvCBP1 | Increased virulence | Manipulates plant immunity | Li et al, |
| UvKMT6 | Reduced virulence | Affects growth, division, and pathogenicity | Meng et al, |
| UvZnFTF1 | Reduced virulence | Involved in vegetative growth, conidiation, pigment biosynthesis, and pathogenicity | Song T Q et al, |
| UvMsn2 | Reduced virulence | Regulates vegetative growth, conidiation, stress response, mitochondrial morphology, and virulence | Xu et al, |
| UvSMEK1 | Reduced virulence | Regulates pathogenicity, needle formation, and spore germination | Yu J J et al, |
| UvZC1 | Reduced virulence | Involved in vegetative growth, conidium production, and rice infection, and related to the integrity of cell walls and response to oxidative stress | Yu M N et al, |
| UvSUN1 | Reduced virulence | Essential for growth, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity | Yu M N et al, |
| Uvste50 | Reduced virulence | Affects the formation of conidia and rice false smut balls | Cao et al, |
| UvCCHC4 | Reduced virulence | Affects the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, ribosomes, transporters, and ribosome biogenesis | Chen et al, |
| UvWhi2 | Reduced virulence | Necessary for fungal growth, stress response, and secondary spore formation | Meng et al, |
| UvKMT2 | Reduced virulence | Helpful in development, secondary spore formation, virulence, and various stress responses | Meng et al, |
| UvbZIP12 | Reduced virulence | Involved in the regulation of growth, development, and abiotic stress tolerance, but is not necessary for pathogenicity | Qu et al, |
| UvbZIP6 | Reduced virulence | Involved in growth, needle growth, stress response, and ball formation | Qu et al, |
| UvAtg14 | Reduced virulence | Contributes to mycelial growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity | Yu J J et al, |
| UvAtg7 | Reduced virulence | Contributes to mycelial growth, virulence, asexual reproduction, and cell stress response | Yu J J et al, |
| UvZnFTF2 | Reduced virulence | Involved in development and pathogenicity | Song T Q et al, |
| UvVEA | Reduced virulence | Affects the formation of chlamydia spores and the development of rice false smut balls | Yu M N et al, |
| UvSorA, UvSorB | Reduced virulence | Important in mycelial growth, sporulation, cell wall integrity, stress response, and phytotoxicity | Zhang X P et al, |
| UvATG6 | Reduced virulence | Eliminates autophagy of U. virens and reducing growth, conidium production and germination, and virulence | Gu et al, |
| UvATF21 | Reduced virulence | Crucial in vegetative growth, meristem, stress response, and full virulence | Liu Y R et al, |
| UvHst2 | Reduced virulence | As a global regulator of secondary metabolism in U. virens | Liu L et al, |
| UvSnf1 | Reduced virulence | Plays vital roles in virulence and carbon source utilization in U. virens | Wen et al, |
| UvGHF1 | Reduced virulence | An essential virulence factor and elicits plant immunity as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern | Zou et al, |
| Uv1809 | Increased virulence | Inhibits rice immunity and promotes U. virens infection | Chen et al, |
| Name | Source | Antibacterial mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial inoculum agent | |||
| JN005 | Bacillus subtilis | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Guan et al, |
| E337 | Antennariella placitae | Increase rice yield and reduce the severity of rice false smut in susceptible rice plants | Andargie et al, |
| RSE5814 | Paenibacillus polymyxa | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Liu et al, |
| NKG-2 | Bacillus velezensis | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Myo et al, |
| Jt84 | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Zhang et al, |
| BFC-33 | Bacillus fluminensis | Enhance the defense response of plant seedlings | Al-Shwaiman et al, |
| BR-01 | Bacillus velezensis | Produce antimicrobial peptides | Zhou et al, |
| Chemical agent | |||
| Azoxystrobin and Difenconazole, Metiram and Pyraclostrobin | Mixed bactericides | Reduce the incidence of disease in the field and increase yield | Muniraju et al, |
| Ethylicin | Organosulfur compound | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Fu et al, |
| Quicklime | CaO | Reduce the number of chlamydia spores in field soil | Ashizawa, |
| Trifloxystrobin-Tebuconazole | Triazole group and strobilurin | Reduce disease intensity and increase yield | Duraisamy et al, |
| Kresoxim methyl | A new broad spectrum strobilurin group of fungicide | Interfere with respiration in plant pathogenic fungi | Duraisamy et al, |
| Propiconazole | Triazole fungicide | Demethylation inhibitor of fungal sterol biosynthesis | Duraisamy et al, |
| Chelerythrine | Alkaloid | Broken mycelium membrane and spore reactive oxygen species accumulation | Wei et al, |
| Osthole@guar gum | Composite material | Destroy the cell wall of U. viren | Hu et al, |
| Sanmate | Benzimidazole methyl carbamate | Reduce rice disease ear rate and disease index | Song J H et al, |
| Salicyl hydroxamic acid | Extraquinone inhibitor | Inhibition of mycelial growth, conidial germination, peroxidase, and esterase activities | Song J H et al, |
| Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin | Extraquinone inhibitor | Reduce rice disease ear rate and disease index | Song J H et al, |
Table 2. Biological and chemical agents for controlling Ustilaginoidea virens.
| Name | Source | Antibacterial mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial inoculum agent | |||
| JN005 | Bacillus subtilis | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Guan et al, |
| E337 | Antennariella placitae | Increase rice yield and reduce the severity of rice false smut in susceptible rice plants | Andargie et al, |
| RSE5814 | Paenibacillus polymyxa | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Liu et al, |
| NKG-2 | Bacillus velezensis | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Myo et al, |
| Jt84 | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Zhang et al, |
| BFC-33 | Bacillus fluminensis | Enhance the defense response of plant seedlings | Al-Shwaiman et al, |
| BR-01 | Bacillus velezensis | Produce antimicrobial peptides | Zhou et al, |
| Chemical agent | |||
| Azoxystrobin and Difenconazole, Metiram and Pyraclostrobin | Mixed bactericides | Reduce the incidence of disease in the field and increase yield | Muniraju et al, |
| Ethylicin | Organosulfur compound | Inhibition of mycelial growth | Fu et al, |
| Quicklime | CaO | Reduce the number of chlamydia spores in field soil | Ashizawa, |
| Trifloxystrobin-Tebuconazole | Triazole group and strobilurin | Reduce disease intensity and increase yield | Duraisamy et al, |
| Kresoxim methyl | A new broad spectrum strobilurin group of fungicide | Interfere with respiration in plant pathogenic fungi | Duraisamy et al, |
| Propiconazole | Triazole fungicide | Demethylation inhibitor of fungal sterol biosynthesis | Duraisamy et al, |
| Chelerythrine | Alkaloid | Broken mycelium membrane and spore reactive oxygen species accumulation | Wei et al, |
| Osthole@guar gum | Composite material | Destroy the cell wall of U. viren | Hu et al, |
| Sanmate | Benzimidazole methyl carbamate | Reduce rice disease ear rate and disease index | Song J H et al, |
| Salicyl hydroxamic acid | Extraquinone inhibitor | Inhibition of mycelial growth, conidial germination, peroxidase, and esterase activities | Song J H et al, |
| Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin | Extraquinone inhibitor | Reduce rice disease ear rate and disease index | Song J H et al, |
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