Rice Science ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 459-472.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.017
收稿日期:2023-01-27
接受日期:2023-03-31
出版日期:2023-09-28
发布日期:2023-08-14
. [J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(5): 459-472.
| Genotype | Soil structure treatment | Tiller number | Leaf number | Plant height (cm) | Shoot fresh weight (g) | Shoot dry weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 25.0 ± 2.1 | 85.8 ± 3.1 | 23.00 ± 0.66 | 5.21 ± 0.11 |
| Soft plough pan | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | 92.2 ± 4.0 | 23.00 ± 0.70 | 5.55 ± 0.17 | |
| No plough pan | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 89.0 ± 1.7 | 22.70 ± 0.73 | 5.94 ± 0.18 | |
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 32.8 ± 3.6 | 58.0 ± 1.2 | 14.70 ± 1.20 | 4.02 ± 0.30 |
| Soft plough pan | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 34.5 ± 2.4 | 61.8 ± 2.3 | 17.80 ± 0.69 | 4.68 ± 0.24 | |
| No plough pan | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 60.2 ± 1.3 | 18.80 ± 0.55 | 4.84 ± 0.19 | |
| Analysis of variance | ||||||
| Genotype (G) | NS | 19.89*** | 207.84*** | 81.20*** | 38.35*** | |
| Soil structure (SS) | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.29** | |
| G × SS | NS | NS | NS | 4.15* | NS | |
Table 1. Aboveground parameters for Black Gora and IR64 grown under different treatments in the first season (flooded).
| Genotype | Soil structure treatment | Tiller number | Leaf number | Plant height (cm) | Shoot fresh weight (g) | Shoot dry weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 25.0 ± 2.1 | 85.8 ± 3.1 | 23.00 ± 0.66 | 5.21 ± 0.11 |
| Soft plough pan | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | 92.2 ± 4.0 | 23.00 ± 0.70 | 5.55 ± 0.17 | |
| No plough pan | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 89.0 ± 1.7 | 22.70 ± 0.73 | 5.94 ± 0.18 | |
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 6.8 ± 0.6 | 32.8 ± 3.6 | 58.0 ± 1.2 | 14.70 ± 1.20 | 4.02 ± 0.30 |
| Soft plough pan | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 34.5 ± 2.4 | 61.8 ± 2.3 | 17.80 ± 0.69 | 4.68 ± 0.24 | |
| No plough pan | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 60.2 ± 1.3 | 18.80 ± 0.55 | 4.84 ± 0.19 | |
| Analysis of variance | ||||||
| Genotype (G) | NS | 19.89*** | 207.84*** | 81.20*** | 38.35*** | |
| Soil structure (SS) | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.29** | |
| G × SS | NS | NS | NS | 4.15* | NS | |
| Flooded season genotype | Soil structure treatment | Plant height (cm) | Tiller number | Leaf number | Shoot fresh weight (g) | Shoot dry weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Gora (BG) | Hard plough pan | 63.0 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 48.5 ± 3.4 | 15.93 ± 0.61 | 5.24 ± 0.48 |
| Soft plough pan | 64.2 ± 0.5 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 49.0 ± 1.2 | 16.84 ± 0.44 | 6.04 ± 0.32 | |
| No plough pan | 63.2 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 51.8 ± 0.9 | 16.49 ± 0.60 | 5.60 ± 0.14 | |
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 62.2 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 47.5 ± 2.2 | 18.02 ± 0.56 | 5.34 ± 0.30 |
| Soft plough pan | 62.5 ± 0.6 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 48.8 ± 0.5 | 17.65 ± 0.86 | 5.73 ± 0.40 | |
| No plough pan | 64.5 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 48.2 ± 1.5 | 17.57 ± 0.71 | 6.16 ± 0.37 | |
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 62.2 ± 1.1 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 49.2 ± 3.0 | 18.29 ± 0.48 | 5.46 ± 0.28 |
| Soft plough pan | 66.3 ± 1.2 | 12.7 ± 0.3 | 51.3 ± 1.8 | 19.59 ± 0.62 | 6.65 ± 0.29 | |
| No plough pan | 65.2 ± 1.1 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 49.2 ± 1.6 | 18.20 ± 0.94 | 5.80 ± 0.38 | |
| Analysis of variance | ||||||
| Flooded season genotype (G) | NS | NS | NS | 8.00** | NS | |
| Soil structure (SS) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| G × SS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Preceding BG vs IR64 | NS | NS | NS | 7.18* | NS | |
Table 2. Aboveground parameters for BRRI Dhan 28 grown under different treatments in the second season (upland).
| Flooded season genotype | Soil structure treatment | Plant height (cm) | Tiller number | Leaf number | Shoot fresh weight (g) | Shoot dry weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Gora (BG) | Hard plough pan | 63.0 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 48.5 ± 3.4 | 15.93 ± 0.61 | 5.24 ± 0.48 |
| Soft plough pan | 64.2 ± 0.5 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 49.0 ± 1.2 | 16.84 ± 0.44 | 6.04 ± 0.32 | |
| No plough pan | 63.2 ± 0.5 | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 51.8 ± 0.9 | 16.49 ± 0.60 | 5.60 ± 0.14 | |
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 62.2 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 47.5 ± 2.2 | 18.02 ± 0.56 | 5.34 ± 0.30 |
| Soft plough pan | 62.5 ± 0.6 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 48.8 ± 0.5 | 17.65 ± 0.86 | 5.73 ± 0.40 | |
| No plough pan | 64.5 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | 48.2 ± 1.5 | 17.57 ± 0.71 | 6.16 ± 0.37 | |
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 62.2 ± 1.1 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 49.2 ± 3.0 | 18.29 ± 0.48 | 5.46 ± 0.28 |
| Soft plough pan | 66.3 ± 1.2 | 12.7 ± 0.3 | 51.3 ± 1.8 | 19.59 ± 0.62 | 6.65 ± 0.29 | |
| No plough pan | 65.2 ± 1.1 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 49.2 ± 1.6 | 18.20 ± 0.94 | 5.80 ± 0.38 | |
| Analysis of variance | ||||||
| Flooded season genotype (G) | NS | NS | NS | 8.00** | NS | |
| Soil structure (SS) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| G × SS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
| Preceding BG vs IR64 | NS | NS | NS | 7.18* | NS | |
Fig. 1. Number of roots at the bottom surface of plough pan counted from X-ray computed tomography images for Black Gora and IR64 grown under different treatments in flooded season. These roots were decomposed during the decomposition period which we assumed could provide root channels or biopores for the next season of upland rice. NPP, No plough pan; SPP, Soft plough pan; HPP, Hard plough pan. Error bars are standard error of the mean (n = 4). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference at P < 0.05.
Fig. 2. Root length density (RLD) of BRRI Dhan 28 grown under different treatments in upland season. A, Overall RLD for whole soil cores. B?D, RLD in topsoil (B), plough pan (C) and subsoil layer (D) of soil cores. Genotype means preceding season treatments. WP, Without plant; NPP, No plough pan; SPP, Soft plough pan; HPP, Hard plough pan. Error bars are standard error of the mean (n = 4).
| Soil layer | Root parameter | Flooded season treatment (F) | Soil structure (SS) | F × SS | Preceding Black Gora vs IR64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 5.29* | NS | NS | NS |
| Surface area (cm2) | 11.25*** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Diameter (mm) | 47.48*** | 7.11** | 6.07** | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 14.20*** | NS | 2.98* | NS | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 4.82* | NS | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 7.16** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Topsoil | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 9.64*** | NS | NS | 13.48** |
| Surface area (cm2) | 7.65** | NS | NS | 9.34** | |
| Diameter (mm) | 27.58*** | NS | 3.34* | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 10.62*** | NS | 2.96* | 6.80* | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 6.14** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 10.70*** | NS | NS | 16.21*** | |
| Plough pan | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 10.67*** | 27.04*** | NS | NS |
| Surface area (cm2) | 12.85*** | 12.63*** | NS | NS | |
| Diameter (mm) | 5.37* | 50.10*** | 3.61* | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 13.12*** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 36.45*** | 53.09*** | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 10.51*** | 44.75*** | NS | NS | |
| Root length density (cm/cm3) | 14.09*** | 45.91*** | NS | NS | |
| Subsoil | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 12.64*** | NS | NS | 4.53* |
| Surface area (cm2) | 22.96*** | NS | NS | 9.42** | |
| Diameter (mm) | 33.01*** | NS | NS | 11.82** | |
| Volume (cm3) | 29.29*** | NS | NS | 12.05** | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 9.36*** | NS | NS | 3.41* | |
| Number of branches per plant | 19.08*** | NS | NS | 7.12* | |
| The flooded season treatments are no plant, Black Gora and IR64. For analysis of variance, values reported are the F-values and asterisks indicate the level of significance. NS means non-significant. ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05. | |||||
Table 3. Statistical analysis of root parameters for BRRI Dhan 28 grown under three different soil structure treatments in the second season (upland).
| Soil layer | Root parameter | Flooded season treatment (F) | Soil structure (SS) | F × SS | Preceding Black Gora vs IR64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 5.29* | NS | NS | NS |
| Surface area (cm2) | 11.25*** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Diameter (mm) | 47.48*** | 7.11** | 6.07** | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 14.20*** | NS | 2.98* | NS | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 4.82* | NS | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 7.16** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Topsoil | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 9.64*** | NS | NS | 13.48** |
| Surface area (cm2) | 7.65** | NS | NS | 9.34** | |
| Diameter (mm) | 27.58*** | NS | 3.34* | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 10.62*** | NS | 2.96* | 6.80* | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 6.14** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 10.70*** | NS | NS | 16.21*** | |
| Plough pan | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 10.67*** | 27.04*** | NS | NS |
| Surface area (cm2) | 12.85*** | 12.63*** | NS | NS | |
| Diameter (mm) | 5.37* | 50.10*** | 3.61* | NS | |
| Volume (cm3) | 13.12*** | NS | NS | NS | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 36.45*** | 53.09*** | NS | NS | |
| Number of branches per plant | 10.51*** | 44.75*** | NS | NS | |
| Root length density (cm/cm3) | 14.09*** | 45.91*** | NS | NS | |
| Subsoil | Root length density (cm/cm3) | 12.64*** | NS | NS | 4.53* |
| Surface area (cm2) | 22.96*** | NS | NS | 9.42** | |
| Diameter (mm) | 33.01*** | NS | NS | 11.82** | |
| Volume (cm3) | 29.29*** | NS | NS | 12.05** | |
| Root tip density (cm-3) | 9.36*** | NS | NS | 3.41* | |
| Number of branches per plant | 19.08*** | NS | NS | 7.12* | |
| The flooded season treatments are no plant, Black Gora and IR64. For analysis of variance, values reported are the F-values and asterisks indicate the level of significance. NS means non-significant. ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05. | |||||
Fig. 3. Root diameter of BRRI Dhan 28 grown under different treatments in upland season. A, Average root diameter for whole soil cores. B?D, Root diameter in topsoil (B), plough pan (C) and subsoil layer (D) of soil cores. Genotype means preceding season treatments. WP, Without plant; NPP, No plough pan; SPP, Soft plough pan; HPP, Hard plough pan. Error bars are standard error of the mean (n = 4).
Fig. 4. Average root tip density of BRRI Dhan 28 grown under different treatments in upland season. A, Overall root tip density for soil cores. B?D, Root tip density in topsoil (B), plough pan (C) and subsoil layer (D) of soil cores. Genotype means preceding season treatments. WP, Without plant; NPP, No plough pan; SPP, Soft plough pan; HPP, Hard plough pan. Error bars are standard error of the mean (n = 4).
Fig. 5. Number of roots at the bottom surface of plough pan counted from camera images for BRRI Dhan 28 grown under different treatments in upland season. Genotype means preceding season treatments. WP, Without plant; NPP, No plough pan; SPP, Soft plough pan; HPP, Hard plough pan. Error bars are standard error of the mean (n = 4).
| Soil core layer | Flooded season treatment | Soil structure treatment | Root surface area (cm2) | Root volume (cm3) | Number of root branches |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 1 796 ± 138 | 11.76 ± 1.20 | 362 949 ± 29 472 |
| Soft plough pan | 2 184 ± 147 | 15.20 ± 1.22 | 413 069 ± 42 441 | ||
| No plough pan | 2 098 ± 150 | 14.68 ± 1.57 | 396 717 ± 20 880 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 2 202 ± 80 | 16.48 ± 1.15 | 394 042 ± 8 765 | |
| Soft plough pan | 1 670 ± 285 | 10.96 ± 2.02 | 333 285 ± 57 914 | ||
| No plough pan | 2 178 ± 306 | 14.60 ± 2.71 | 454 041 ± 47 821 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 1 332 ± 97 | 7.57 ± 0.77 | 280 914 ± 21 327 | |
| Soft plough pan | 1 676 ± 129 | 10.17 ± 0.92 | 345 521 ± 29 443 | ||
| No plough pan | 1 267 ± 123 | 7.10 ± 0.70 | 275 699 ± 27 230 | ||
| Topsoil | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 685 ± 56 | 5.34 ± 0.63 | 121 094 ± 9 261 |
| Soft plough pan | 753 ± 103 | 6.32 ± 1.04 | 119 706 ± 22 063 | ||
| No plough pan | 691 ± 80 | 5.64 ± 0.90 | 113 066 ± 13 885 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 1 125 ± 72 | 10.24 ± 0.95 | 190 561 ± 10 312 | |
| Soft plough pan | 811 ± 95 | 6.36 ± 0.94 | 148 830 ± 15 912 | ||
| No plough pan | 919 ± 128 | 7.67 ± 1.41 | 165 587 ± 17 051 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 722 ± 63 | 4.62 ± 0.51 | 156 245 ± 13 412 | |
| Soft plough pan | 876 ± 10 | 6.13 ± 0.35 | 181 367 ± 1 992 | ||
| No plough pan | 670 ± 50 | 4.27 ± 0.44 | 140 267 ± 9 827 | ||
| Plough pan | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 145 ± 16 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 21 370 ± 3 062 |
| Soft plough pan | 179 ± 20 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 26 260 ± 4 501 | ||
| No plough pan | 240 ± 32 | 1.08 ± 0.13 | 55 474 ± 6 882 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 207 ± 41 | 1.29 ± 0.27 | 24 009 ± 5 420 | |
| Soft plough pan | 180 ± 36 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 31 136 ± 7 151 | ||
| No plough pan | 283 ± 34 | 1.22 ± 0.17 | 68 111 ± 6 864 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 72 ± 15 | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 9 053 ± 1 883 | |
| Soft plough pan | 91 ± 24 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 13 495 ± 4 271 | ||
| No plough pan | 128 ± 13 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 31 813 ± 3 247 | ||
| Subsoil | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 965 ± 85 | 5.62 ± 0.63 | 220 484 ± 20 627 |
| Soft plough pan | 1 252 ± 51 | 7.86 ± 0.43 | 267 102 ± 18 033 | ||
| No plough pan | 1 167 ± 49 | 7.96 ± 0.57 | 228 176 ± 6 050 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 870 ± 38 | 4.84 ± 0.13 | 179 471 ± 18 125 | |
| Soft plough pan | 679 ± 166 | 3.72 ± 1.00 | 153 318 ± 37 487 | ||
| No plough pan | 976 ± 158 | 5.71 ± 1.21 | 220 342 ± 28 149 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 538 ± 74 | 2.57 ± 0.41 | 115 616 ± 17 576 | |
| Soft plough pan | 709 ± 104 | 3.65 ± 0.59 | 150 659 ± 27 094 | ||
| No plough pan | 470 ± 102 | 2.35 ± 0.57 | 103 618 ± 23 075 |
Table 4. Root parameters of BRRI Dhan 28 grown under three different soil structures and two genotype treatments in upland season.
| Soil core layer | Flooded season treatment | Soil structure treatment | Root surface area (cm2) | Root volume (cm3) | Number of root branches |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 1 796 ± 138 | 11.76 ± 1.20 | 362 949 ± 29 472 |
| Soft plough pan | 2 184 ± 147 | 15.20 ± 1.22 | 413 069 ± 42 441 | ||
| No plough pan | 2 098 ± 150 | 14.68 ± 1.57 | 396 717 ± 20 880 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 2 202 ± 80 | 16.48 ± 1.15 | 394 042 ± 8 765 | |
| Soft plough pan | 1 670 ± 285 | 10.96 ± 2.02 | 333 285 ± 57 914 | ||
| No plough pan | 2 178 ± 306 | 14.60 ± 2.71 | 454 041 ± 47 821 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 1 332 ± 97 | 7.57 ± 0.77 | 280 914 ± 21 327 | |
| Soft plough pan | 1 676 ± 129 | 10.17 ± 0.92 | 345 521 ± 29 443 | ||
| No plough pan | 1 267 ± 123 | 7.10 ± 0.70 | 275 699 ± 27 230 | ||
| Topsoil | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 685 ± 56 | 5.34 ± 0.63 | 121 094 ± 9 261 |
| Soft plough pan | 753 ± 103 | 6.32 ± 1.04 | 119 706 ± 22 063 | ||
| No plough pan | 691 ± 80 | 5.64 ± 0.90 | 113 066 ± 13 885 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 1 125 ± 72 | 10.24 ± 0.95 | 190 561 ± 10 312 | |
| Soft plough pan | 811 ± 95 | 6.36 ± 0.94 | 148 830 ± 15 912 | ||
| No plough pan | 919 ± 128 | 7.67 ± 1.41 | 165 587 ± 17 051 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 722 ± 63 | 4.62 ± 0.51 | 156 245 ± 13 412 | |
| Soft plough pan | 876 ± 10 | 6.13 ± 0.35 | 181 367 ± 1 992 | ||
| No plough pan | 670 ± 50 | 4.27 ± 0.44 | 140 267 ± 9 827 | ||
| Plough pan | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 145 ± 16 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | 21 370 ± 3 062 |
| Soft plough pan | 179 ± 20 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 26 260 ± 4 501 | ||
| No plough pan | 240 ± 32 | 1.08 ± 0.13 | 55 474 ± 6 882 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 207 ± 41 | 1.29 ± 0.27 | 24 009 ± 5 420 | |
| Soft plough pan | 180 ± 36 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 31 136 ± 7 151 | ||
| No plough pan | 283 ± 34 | 1.22 ± 0.17 | 68 111 ± 6 864 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 72 ± 15 | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 9 053 ± 1 883 | |
| Soft plough pan | 91 ± 24 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 13 495 ± 4 271 | ||
| No plough pan | 128 ± 13 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 31 813 ± 3 247 | ||
| Subsoil | Black Gora | Hard plough pan | 965 ± 85 | 5.62 ± 0.63 | 220 484 ± 20 627 |
| Soft plough pan | 1 252 ± 51 | 7.86 ± 0.43 | 267 102 ± 18 033 | ||
| No plough pan | 1 167 ± 49 | 7.96 ± 0.57 | 228 176 ± 6 050 | ||
| IR64 | Hard plough pan | 870 ± 38 | 4.84 ± 0.13 | 179 471 ± 18 125 | |
| Soft plough pan | 679 ± 166 | 3.72 ± 1.00 | 153 318 ± 37 487 | ||
| No plough pan | 976 ± 158 | 5.71 ± 1.21 | 220 342 ± 28 149 | ||
| Without plant | Hard plough pan | 538 ± 74 | 2.57 ± 0.41 | 115 616 ± 17 576 | |
| Soft plough pan | 709 ± 104 | 3.65 ± 0.59 | 150 659 ± 27 094 | ||
| No plough pan | 470 ± 102 | 2.35 ± 0.57 | 103 618 ± 23 075 |
| Plough pan strength | Penetration resistance at -5 kPa | Penetration resistance at -20 kPa |
|---|---|---|
| No plough pan | 0.352 ± 0.041 | 0.855 ± 0.045 |
| Soft plough pan | 1.030 ± 0.044 | 1.440 ± 0.049 |
| Hard plough pan | 1.700 ± 0.020 | 2.800 ± 0.100 |
Table 5. Penetration resistance at plough pan for different treatments at different water contents. MPa
| Plough pan strength | Penetration resistance at -5 kPa | Penetration resistance at -20 kPa |
|---|---|---|
| No plough pan | 0.352 ± 0.041 | 0.855 ± 0.045 |
| Soft plough pan | 1.030 ± 0.044 | 1.440 ± 0.049 |
| Hard plough pan | 1.700 ± 0.020 | 2.800 ± 0.100 |
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