Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction, Health Benefit, and Its Industrial Application

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Rice bran oil (RBO) is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition, phenolic compound (γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol). It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste and delicate flavour. Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods. Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO₂, microwave-assisted, subcritical H₂O, enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasound- assisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO. The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed. The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- diabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO. This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food (cooking oil, milk product and meat product) and non-food industries (polymer, lubricant, biofuel, structural lipid and cosmetic). This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications and health benefits.

Key words: rice bran oil, extraction, functionalization, stabilization, food/non-food application, fatty acid

Punia Sneh, Kumar Manoj, Kumar Siroha Anil, Singh Purewal Sukhvinder. Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction, Health Benefit, and Its Industrial Application[J]. Rice Science, 2021, 28(3): 217-232.

Figures/Tables 4

References 117

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Method	Input factor/parameter	Optimized condition	Finding	Reference
Soxhlet extraction method	Temperature	65 ºC	Solvent extraction using hexane as the solvent is an effective method for RBO extraction	Amarasinghe and Gangodavilage, 2004
Soxhlet extraction method	Solvent	Hexane		Amarasinghe and Gangodavilage, 2004
MAE method	Time	30, 60, 90 and 120 s per step	MAE is a promising approach for extracting RBO with superior quality oil, an increase in oil yield and reduction in extraction time	Pandey and Shrivastava, 2018
	Power	300, 500, 700 and 900 W
	Solvent used	Hexane
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:1
	Time	60 min	Methanol is the most effective solvent for extraction of γ-oryzanol containing RBO	Kumar et al, 2016
	Power	800 W
	Solvent used	Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:3
UAE method	Time	60 min	Ultrasound treatment significantly boosts the γ-oryzanol extraction capability of methanol as compared to conventional extraction method	Kumar et al, 2016
	Power	-
	Solvent used	Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol
	Frequency	24 kHz
	Temperature	38 ºC
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:3
Supercritical CO₂ extraction method	Time	30 min	Supercritical CO₂ may be focused on minimizing operational costs and maximizing oil yields	Juchen et al, 2019
	Pressure	100, 150 or 200 bar
	Temperature	40 ºC, 60 ºC or 80 ºC
	Solvent used	Ethanol
	Solid to liquid ratio	0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1
	Time	40-80 min	SC-CO₂ + ultrasonication is a promising technology to be employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds in RBO	Soares et al, 2018
	Power	160-320 W
	Solvent used	Hexane
	Frequency	20 kHz
Subcritical water extraction method	Time-ultrasound	10-20 min	Subcritical water extraction is an environmentally friendly technique for lipase inactivation and stabilization of RBO	Pourali et al, 2009
	Temperature	180 ºC-240 ºC
	Solvent used	Deionized water
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:6
Subcritical CO₂ extraction method	Temperature	27 ºC-29 ºC	Subcritical CO₂ extraction method increases approximately 10 times more oryzanol and tocol compounds and has lower free fatty acid levels and peroxide values compared with conventional method	Chia et al, 2015
	Pressure	68-70 bar
	Solvent used	Deionized water
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:24

Method	Input factor/parameter	Optimized condition	Finding	Reference
Soxhlet extraction method	Temperature	65 ºC	Solvent extraction using hexane as the solvent is an effective method for RBO extraction	Amarasinghe and Gangodavilage, 2004
Soxhlet extraction method	Solvent	Hexane		Amarasinghe and Gangodavilage, 2004
MAE method	Time	30, 60, 90 and 120 s per step	MAE is a promising approach for extracting RBO with superior quality oil, an increase in oil yield and reduction in extraction time	Pandey and Shrivastava, 2018
	Power	300, 500, 700 and 900 W
	Solvent used	Hexane
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:1
	Time	60 min	Methanol is the most effective solvent for extraction of γ-oryzanol containing RBO	Kumar et al, 2016
	Power	800 W
	Solvent used	Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:3
UAE method	Time	60 min	Ultrasound treatment significantly boosts the γ-oryzanol extraction capability of methanol as compared to conventional extraction method	Kumar et al, 2016
	Power	-
	Solvent used	Petroleum ether, hexane and methanol
	Frequency	24 kHz
	Temperature	38 ºC
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:3
Supercritical CO₂ extraction method	Time	30 min	Supercritical CO₂ may be focused on minimizing operational costs and maximizing oil yields	Juchen et al, 2019
	Pressure	100, 150 or 200 bar
	Temperature	40 ºC, 60 ºC or 80 ºC
	Solvent used	Ethanol
	Solid to liquid ratio	0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1
	Time	40-80 min	SC-CO₂ + ultrasonication is a promising technology to be employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds in RBO	Soares et al, 2018
	Power	160-320 W
	Solvent used	Hexane
	Frequency	20 kHz
Subcritical water extraction method	Time-ultrasound	10-20 min	Subcritical water extraction is an environmentally friendly technique for lipase inactivation and stabilization of RBO	Pourali et al, 2009
	Temperature	180 ºC-240 ºC
	Solvent used	Deionized water
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:6
Subcritical CO₂ extraction method	Temperature	27 ºC-29 ºC	Subcritical CO₂ extraction method increases approximately 10 times more oryzanol and tocol compounds and has lower free fatty acid levels and peroxide values compared with conventional method	Chia et al, 2015
	Pressure	68-70 bar
	Solvent used	Deionized water
	Solid to liquid ratio	1:24

Compound	Composition (%)	Reference
γ-oryzanol	0.9-2.9	Lloyd et al, 2000; Patel and Naik, 2004
Tocopherol	0.10-0.14	Lloyd et al, 2000; Patel and Naik, 2004
Saturated fatty acid	22.5	Orsavova et al, 2015
Palmitic	21.6	Krishna et al, 2006
Stearic	2.1-4.7	Orsavova et al, 2015
Arachidic acid	1.0	Krishna et al, 2006
Myristic	0.30-0.39	Krishna et al, 2006
Monounsaturated fatty acid	44.0	Orsavova et al, 2015
Oleic acid	42.6	Krishna et al, 2006
Palmitoleic acid	0.19	Orsavova et al, 2015
Polyunsaturated fatty acid	33.6	Orsavova et al, 2015
Linoleic acid	28.0	Krishna et al, 2006
Linolenic acid	0.8	Krishna et al, 2006
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids	0.5	Orsavova et al, 2015
n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids	33.1	Orsavova et al, 2015

Compound	Composition (%)	Reference
γ-oryzanol	0.9-2.9	Lloyd et al, 2000; Patel and Naik, 2004
Tocopherol	0.10-0.14	Lloyd et al, 2000; Patel and Naik, 2004
Saturated fatty acid	22.5	Orsavova et al, 2015
Palmitic	21.6	Krishna et al, 2006
Stearic	2.1-4.7	Orsavova et al, 2015
Arachidic acid	1.0	Krishna et al, 2006
Myristic	0.30-0.39	Krishna et al, 2006
Monounsaturated fatty acid	44.0	Orsavova et al, 2015
Oleic acid	42.6	Krishna et al, 2006
Palmitoleic acid	0.19	Orsavova et al, 2015
Polyunsaturated fatty acid	33.6	Orsavova et al, 2015
Linoleic acid	28.0	Krishna et al, 2006
Linolenic acid	0.8	Krishna et al, 2006
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids	0.5	Orsavova et al, 2015
n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids	33.1	Orsavova et al, 2015