Rice Husk at a Glance: From Agro-Industrial to Modern Applications

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2023.08.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Excessive waste production has led to the concept of a circular bioeconomy to deliver valuable by-products and improve environmental sustainability. The annual worldwide rice production accounts for more than 750 million tons of grain and 150 million tons of husk. Rice husk (RH) contains valuable biomaterials with extensive applications in various fields. The proportions of each component depend primarily on rice genotype, soil chemistry, and climatic conditions. RH and its derivatives, including ash, biochar, hydrochar, and activated carbon have been placed foreground of applications in agriculture and other industries. While the investigation on RH’s compositions, microstructures, and by-products has been done copiously, owing to its unique features, it is still an open-ended area with enormous scope for innovation, research, and technology. Here, we reviewed the latest applications of RH and its derivatives, including fuel and other energy resources, construction materials, pharmacy, medicine, and nanobiotechnology to keep this versatile biomaterial in the spotlight.

Key words: circular bioeconomy, rice husk activated carbon, rice husk ash, rice husk biochar, rice husk hydrochar, rice husk application

Masoumeh Kordi, Naser Farrokhi, Martin I. Pech-Canul, Asadollah Ahmadikhah. Rice Husk at a Glance: From Agro-Industrial to Modern Applications[J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(1): 14-32.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. Rice grain constituents (A) and grain processing (B).

Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrograph of cross section of rice husk. Outer surface, inner surface, macro-hair, epidermis, hypodermis, and sub-hypodermis are shown.

Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope images taken from rice husk outer (A-J) and inner (K and L) surfaces of 10 rice genotypes. A, ARC 7229 (India); B, JAMIR (Bangladesh); C, BUL ZO (South Korea); D, DOBLE CAROLINA RINALDO BARSANI (Uruguay); E, DAWEBYAN (Myanmar); F, RATHUWEE (Sri Lanka); G, MELANOTRIX (Tajikistan); H, FORTUNA (the United States); I, BLACK GORA (India); J, SRI MALAYSIA DUA (Malaysia); K, ARC 7229 (India); L, DAWEBYAN (Myanmar). Genotypes used in these photographs were obtained from the International Rice Research Institute. A wide diversity of surface protrusions and macro-hairs are evident and inner surfaces of rice husk have a relatively smooth exterior (K and L). The magnifications are indicated on the edge of each photograph (A-J, 300 µm; K, 50 µm; and L, 100 µm).

Fig. 4. Rich husk and its derivatives (A), as well as their applications (B).

Fig. 5. Steps in ceramic production from rich husk (RH).

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