Rice Science ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4): 499-511.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2025.04.009
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Dinuka Nuwan Tharaka1,2, Nadeeka D. Tissera3, Gayan Priyadarshana4, Damayanthi Dahanayake1(
)
Received:2025-01-16
Accepted:2025-04-01
Online:2025-07-28
Published:2025-08-06
Contact:
Damayanthi Dahanayake
Dinuka Nuwan Tharaka, Nadeeka D. Tissera, Gayan Priyadarshana, Damayanthi Dahanayake. A Comprehensive Review of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Synthesis from Rice Husk[J]. Rice Science, 2025, 32(4): 499-511.
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Fig. 1. Structural comparison of activated carbon and hierarchical porous carbon, and silica distribution in rice husk cells. A, Schematic diagram of hierarchical porous and activated carbon derived from traditional physicochemical activation methods. B, Schematic representation of silica distribution in rice husk cells.
| Carbonization process | Silica removal | Activation process | Impregnation ratio | SSA (m2/g) | PV (cm3/g) | Mesoporosity (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrolysis at 800 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | Steam activation at 900 ºC for 3 h | ‒ | 1 340 | 1.20 | ‒ | Tabata et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | KOH activation at 800 ºC for 2 h | 4:1 | 1 094 | 0.61 | 42.6 | Wang et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 1 h | 4:1 | 2 804 | 1.79 | ‒ | Liu et al, |
| Hydrothermal carbonization | NH4HF2 leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 525 | 0.48 | 76.4 | Rybarczyk et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 2 h | 4:1 | 1 751 | 1.11 | 55.9 | Yuan et al, |
| Pyrolyzed under Ar atmosphere | HF leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 533 | 0.39 | ‒ | Fang et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 700 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 3 h | 3:1 | 2 242 | 1.33 | ‒ | Xiao et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | Base leached | NaOH/KOH co-activation at 800 ºC for 1 h | 3:1 | 2 747 | 1.40 | ‒ | Wang C et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH/CO₂ physicochemical activation | 3:1 | 2 330 | 1.32 | 81.0 | Cuong et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 900 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | Steam activation at 850 ºC | ‒ | 268 | 0.23 | ‒ | Kim et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 450 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | ‒ | KOH activation at 750 ºC for 1 h | 3:1 | 1 320 | 0.65 | 30.7 | Shen et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 600 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | CuCl₂ activation at 800 ºC | 10:1 | 1 339 | 0.80 | 33.7 | Tian et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 600 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | NaOH activation at 750 °C for 1 h | 2.5:1.0 | 1 789 | 1.15 | 37.4 | Chen Z M et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 800 ºC for 2 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 800 ºC | 2:1 | 1 839 | 1.21 | 58.0 | Cuong et al, |
| Pyrolysis | NaOH leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 242 | 0.15 | ‒ | Nie et al, |
| Hydrothermal carbonization | NaOH leached | ‒ | ‒ | 445 | ‒ | Hou et al, | |
| Pyrolysis | Na2CO3 leached | NaOH activation at 800 ºC | 3:1 | 2 686 | 1.62 | 64.0 | Zhang S P et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 1000 ºC for 2 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | ‒ | ‒ | 643 | 0.52 | ‒ | Qin et al, |
Table 1. Preparation methods of rice husk-based hierarchical porous carbon.
| Carbonization process | Silica removal | Activation process | Impregnation ratio | SSA (m2/g) | PV (cm3/g) | Mesoporosity (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrolysis at 800 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | Steam activation at 900 ºC for 3 h | ‒ | 1 340 | 1.20 | ‒ | Tabata et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | KOH activation at 800 ºC for 2 h | 4:1 | 1 094 | 0.61 | 42.6 | Wang et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 1 h | 4:1 | 2 804 | 1.79 | ‒ | Liu et al, |
| Hydrothermal carbonization | NH4HF2 leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 525 | 0.48 | 76.4 | Rybarczyk et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 2 h | 4:1 | 1 751 | 1.11 | 55.9 | Yuan et al, |
| Pyrolyzed under Ar atmosphere | HF leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 533 | 0.39 | ‒ | Fang et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 700 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | KOH activation at 700 ºC for 3 h | 3:1 | 2 242 | 1.33 | ‒ | Xiao et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | Base leached | NaOH/KOH co-activation at 800 ºC for 1 h | 3:1 | 2 747 | 1.40 | ‒ | Wang C et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH/CO₂ physicochemical activation | 3:1 | 2 330 | 1.32 | 81.0 | Cuong et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 900 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | HF leached | Steam activation at 850 ºC | ‒ | 268 | 0.23 | ‒ | Kim et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 450 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | ‒ | KOH activation at 750 ºC for 1 h | 3:1 | 1 320 | 0.65 | 30.7 | Shen et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 600 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | CuCl₂ activation at 800 ºC | 10:1 | 1 339 | 0.80 | 33.7 | Tian et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 600 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | NaOH activation at 750 °C for 1 h | 2.5:1.0 | 1 789 | 1.15 | 37.4 | Chen Z M et al, |
| Pyrolyzed at 800 ºC for 2 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | KOH activation at 800 ºC | 2:1 | 1 839 | 1.21 | 58.0 | Cuong et al, |
| Pyrolysis | NaOH leached | Higher pyrolysis | ‒ | 242 | 0.15 | ‒ | Nie et al, |
| Hydrothermal carbonization | NaOH leached | ‒ | ‒ | 445 | ‒ | Hou et al, | |
| Pyrolysis | Na2CO3 leached | NaOH activation at 800 ºC | 3:1 | 2 686 | 1.62 | 64.0 | Zhang S P et al, |
| Pyrolysis at 1000 ºC for 2 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH leached | ‒ | ‒ | 643 | 0.52 | ‒ | Qin et al, |
| Pre-treatment | Carbonization process | Activation process | Impregnation ratio | SSA (m2/g) | PV (cm3/g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base leached | 406 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | Steam | ‒ | 1 016 | 0.58 | Menya et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC | KOH | 1:3 | 887 | 0.48 | Liu Z Y et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:3 | 2 087 | 0.99 | Lv et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC for 4 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH | 1:4 | 429 | 0.29 | Saad et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:2 | 890 | 0.44 | He et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 450 ºC under N2 atmosphere | NaOH | 1:3 | 2 755 | 1.54 | Silva et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 600 ºC for 2 h | KOH | 1:3 | 755 | 0.39 | Nandi et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 750 ºC under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:4 | 3 050 | 1.10 | Yerdauletov et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC under N2 atmosphere | CO2 | ‒ | 502 | 0.12 | Lesbayev et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 900 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | CO2 | ‒ | 502 | 0.12 | Wazir et al, |
Table 2. Recent studies on preparation of activated carbon through traditional method using rice husks.
| Pre-treatment | Carbonization process | Activation process | Impregnation ratio | SSA (m2/g) | PV (cm3/g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base leached | 406 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | Steam | ‒ | 1 016 | 0.58 | Menya et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC | KOH | 1:3 | 887 | 0.48 | Liu Z Y et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 3 h under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:3 | 2 087 | 0.99 | Lv et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC for 4 h under N2 atmosphere | NaOH | 1:4 | 429 | 0.29 | Saad et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 500 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:2 | 890 | 0.44 | He et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 450 ºC under N2 atmosphere | NaOH | 1:3 | 2 755 | 1.54 | Silva et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 600 ºC for 2 h | KOH | 1:3 | 755 | 0.39 | Nandi et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 750 ºC under N2 atmosphere | KOH | 1:4 | 3 050 | 1.10 | Yerdauletov et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 400 ºC under N2 atmosphere | CO2 | ‒ | 502 | 0.12 | Lesbayev et al, |
| Not leached | Pyrolyzed at 900 ºC for 1 h under N2 atmosphere | CO2 | ‒ | 502 | 0.12 | Wazir et al, |
| Biomass | Activation | SSA (m2/g) | Test system/Electrolyte | Current density (A/g) | Specific capacitance (F/g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice husk | KOH | 2 804 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 278 | Liu et al, |
| Rice husk | PTFE | 2 051 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 10 | 245 | Liang et al, |
| Rice husk | KOH | 2 242 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 429 | Xiao et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH-KOH | 2 747 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 194.6 | Wang C et al, |
| Rice husk | CuCl2 | 1 339.9 | 6 mol/L KOH | 0.5 | 165.2 | Tian et al, |
| Rice husk | KOH | 1 839 | 1 mol/L NaCl, Three-Electrode | 0.1 | 120.5 | Cuong et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH | 1 789 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 256 | Hou et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH-KOH | 3 046 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.2 | 312 | Zhang S P et al, |
| Withered rose | KOH/KNO3 | 1 911 | 6 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 208 | Zhao et al, |
| Acai seed | KOH | 3 846 | 1 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 346 | de Souza et al, |
| Olive wood | KOH | 1 352 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Two-Electrode | 0.125 | 231 | Elmouwahidi et al, |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa fruit | KOH | 1 720.5 | 2 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 194.5 | Hamouda et al, |
| Foxtail grass seed (N and S co-doped) | NaHCO3/KHCO3 | 819 | 6 mol/L KOH | 0.5 | 358 | Liang et al, |
| Bagasse | KOH | 3 135 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 410.5 | Tan et al, |
| Enhydra fluctuant leaf | KOH | 1 082 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 428 | Jalalah et al, |
| Coconut shell | KOH | 2 143.6 | 6 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 317 | Zhao Y et al, 2023 |
| Turmeric leaf | NH4Cl/KOH | 541 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 389 | Chakraborty et al, |
Table 3. Electrochemical performance of rice husk-derived hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) and other biomass-derived HPCs in supercapacitor applications.
| Biomass | Activation | SSA (m2/g) | Test system/Electrolyte | Current density (A/g) | Specific capacitance (F/g) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice husk | KOH | 2 804 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 278 | Liu et al, |
| Rice husk | PTFE | 2 051 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 10 | 245 | Liang et al, |
| Rice husk | KOH | 2 242 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 429 | Xiao et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH-KOH | 2 747 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 194.6 | Wang C et al, |
| Rice husk | CuCl2 | 1 339.9 | 6 mol/L KOH | 0.5 | 165.2 | Tian et al, |
| Rice husk | KOH | 1 839 | 1 mol/L NaCl, Three-Electrode | 0.1 | 120.5 | Cuong et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH | 1 789 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 256 | Hou et al, |
| Rice husk | NaOH-KOH | 3 046 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.2 | 312 | Zhang S P et al, |
| Withered rose | KOH/KNO3 | 1 911 | 6 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 208 | Zhao et al, |
| Acai seed | KOH | 3 846 | 1 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 346 | de Souza et al, |
| Olive wood | KOH | 1 352 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Two-Electrode | 0.125 | 231 | Elmouwahidi et al, |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa fruit | KOH | 1 720.5 | 2 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 194.5 | Hamouda et al, |
| Foxtail grass seed (N and S co-doped) | NaHCO3/KHCO3 | 819 | 6 mol/L KOH | 0.5 | 358 | Liang et al, |
| Bagasse | KOH | 3 135 | 6 mol/L KOH, Two-Electrode | 0.5 | 410.5 | Tan et al, |
| Enhydra fluctuant leaf | KOH | 1 082 | 1 mol/L H2SO4, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 428 | Jalalah et al, |
| Coconut shell | KOH | 2 143.6 | 6 mol/L KOH, Three-Electrode | 0.5 | 317 | Zhao Y et al, 2023 |
| Turmeric leaf | NH4Cl/KOH | 541 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, Three-Electrode | 1.0 | 389 | Chakraborty et al, |
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