Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties in the Global South: A Review

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Improved rice varieties (IRVs) play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s. However, the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low. This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages, malnutrition, and poor rice quality. Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters. This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South. Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables (farm size, education, information access and farm location) examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis. Terrain, source of seed and technology-related attributes (perceived yield, maturity, ease of use, marketability and technical efficiency) are more important determinants of adoption, with determinants changing according to adoption type (probability or intensity of adoption), variety type and region. The recommendations for future adoption studies include: incorporating more technology-specific variables, increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types, shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process, and considering the potential biases in analyses. This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.

Key words: technology adoption, improved rice variety, systematic literature review, the Global South

Julia Checco, Fathin Ayuni Azizan, Jaquie Mitchell, Ammar Abdul Aziz. Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties in the Global South: A Review[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(3): 186-206.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Selection process using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram. Ineligible studies were excluded at each stage of the selection process. Google Scholar only exhibited the results for the first 1 000 relevant papers. Despite this limitation, 15% of unique papers were found in the search engine.

Fig. 2. Characteristics of reviewed adoption studies. A, Publication number in Africa, Asia and LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean). B, Publication number by countries and paddy rice production. The number of observations is 100 (One study studied two countries). C, Mean sample size (number of households) across the years, including trend line in time and standard error of mean sample size. D, Publication number for each rice variety type.

Fig. 3. Number of studies examined for probability, intensity and speed of adoption, classified into region and variety type. HYV, High-yielding variety; LAC, Latin America and the Caribbean.

Fig. 4. Number of observations that are positively significant, negatively significant, and not significant for each variable, grouped into farm biophysical, household and farmer, institutional and access-related, and technology-specific characteristics.

Fig. 5. Proportion of variables that are statistically significant for adoption probability, adoption intensity, and combination of all adoption types (probability, intensity and speed). Only variables examined at least five times for each category (i.e. combined, probability and intensity) are included.

Fig. 6. Number of total observations and proportion of significant observations for each variable, grouped into region and variety type.

Table 1. Adoption probability and intensity levels based on region or variety type.

Region/variety type ^a	Adoption probability ^b	Adoption intensity ^b	Studies for area ^c (%)	Studies for farmer ^d (%)
Region
Asia (50p, 13i)	17 (16)	61 (21)	53	81
South Asia (27p, 11i)	14 (10)	64 (21)	57	85
South East Asia (17p, 1i)	62 (48)	47 (0)	60	80
East Asia (5p, 1i)	52 (26)	34 (0)	0	100
Africa (33p, 2i)	36 (30)	19 (28)	50	90
West Africa (30p, 1i)	45 (28)	22 (0)	54	92
East Africa (35p, 1i)	40 (16)	18 (0)	25	75
Total (85p, 16i)	17 (16)	34 (23)	50	83
Variety type
Modern (17p, 9i)	43 (22)	66 (19)	55	90
Hybrid (15p, 2i)	12 (7)	21 (4)	25	85
High-yielding (13p,3i)	67 (22)	26 (10)	15	58
Climate-smart (8p, 1i)	36 (16)	47 (0)	63	75
Certified (5p)	35 (17)	-	75	67
Premium (2p)	60 (7)	-	50	100
Unclassified (25p, 1i)	50 (25)	55(0)	63	87

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