Impact of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2016.04.001

Abstract

Abstract:

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.

Key words: Nilaparvata lugens, relative water content, host tolerance, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, rice, nutrient subsidy

Mamunur Rashid Md, Jahan Mahbuba, Shariful Islam Khandakar. Impact of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants[J]. Rice Science, 2016, 23(3): 119-131.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1. Response of nutrient levels on nutrient contents of brown planthopper (BPH) and its host rice plants. Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Table 1 Analysis of variance for biochemical compositions in rice plants and brown planthopper (BPH) affected by nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) subsidies (F values).

Source of variance	df	Nitrogen		Phosphorus		Potassium		Silicon	Total free sugar in rice	Soluble protein in rice
Source of variance	df	Rice	BPH	Rice	BPH	Rice	BPH	in rice	Total free sugar in rice	Soluble protein in rice
N	2	2166.51**	12.87**	2.45	0.16	0.11	0.01	2 486.75**	0.73	3 300.13**
P	2	2.58	2.04	544.36**	2.77	0.45	0.15	2.33	0.12	0.72
K	2	392.74**	2.8	2.08	0.5	440.21**	1.77	33.03**	573.66**	822.94**
N × P	4	2.05	0.25	2.44	0.19	0.2	0.7	0.87	0.29	0.17
N × K	4	53.12**	0.85	0.94	0.56	0.03	0.92	3.73**	0.61	15.65**
P × K	4	2.21	1.04	2.28	0.74	0.14	0.67	0.75	0.07	0.21
N × P × K	8	1.4	0.6	1.26	0.58	0.17	1.69	0.86	0.1	0.29
Error	81
CV (%)		2.65	3.22	4.18	4.45	2.92	1.75	5.33	1.98	2.48

Fig. 2. Response of nutrient levels on silicon (Si), total free sugar (TFS) and soluble protein (SP) contents in rice plants.Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Fig. 3. Status of elemental contents in brown planthopper (BPH) and rice plants at different stages.Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Table 2 Mean comparison results for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents between brown planthopper (BPH) and its host rice plants (t value).

Rice stage	df	N content	P content	K content
Mid tillering	26	150.32**	111.80**	80.90**
Panicle initiation	26	106.79**	134.16**	21.95**
Heading	26	163.32**	136.40**	162.92**
Maturity	26	163.72**	108.38**	1.94

Fig. 4. Feeding of brown planthopper (BPH) measured indirectly by honeydew excretion in different nutrient treated rice plants.Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Fig. 5. Relative water content (RWC) and reduction of RWC due to brown planthopper (BPH) feeding after 5 d in different nutrient treated rice plants after release of BPH.Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Table 3 Analysis of variance for honeydew secretion, changes in relative water content (RWC) and complete damage duration of rice plants feeding brown planthopper (BPH) as affected by nitrogen (N), phosphourus (P) and potassium (K) subsidies (F value).

Source of variation	df	Honeydew secretion	RWC of BPH	RWC at 5 d after	Reduction of RWC	9th grade plant damage duration
Source of variation	df	Honeydew secretion	free plants	infestation by BPH	Reduction of RWC	9th grade plant damage duration
N	2	601.80**	274.53**	1 338.95**	1 385.84**	242.70**
P	2	0.04	9.36**	0.55	0.56	0.66
K	2	2.74	37.75**	17.56**	16.46**	19.70**
N × P	4	0.08	0.82	0.18	0.17	0.69
N × K	4	0.14	4.55**	11.48**	10.41**	2.62*
P × K	4	0.06	0.72	1.45	1.44	1.43
N × P × K	8	0.08	1.24	1.46	1.39	1.01
Error	81
CV (%)		4.78	0.78	###########	2.43	8.54

Fig. 6. Dynamics of damage grade of rice plants by brown planthopper (BPH) as affected by different levels of nutrient application.Bar indicates the standard error (SE).

Fig. 7. Relationship between brown planthopper (BPH) feeding and different nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), silicon (Si), total free sugar and soluble proteins contents in rice plants.

Fig. 8. Relationships between nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), silicon (Si), total free sugar and soluble protein contents in rice plants and its 9th grade damage by brown planthopper (BPH).

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