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28 March 2016, Volume 23 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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In-vitro Androgenesis in Rice: Advantages, Constraints and Future Prospects Mishra Rukmini, Jwala Narashima Rao Gundimeda 2016, 23(2): 57-68.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.02.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (548KB) ( )   In vitro androgenesis is an important component of plant biotechnology when the pollen grains are forced to switch from their normal pollen developmental pathway towards an embryogenic route. Haploid and doubled haploid produced through androgenesis have long been recognized as a valuable tool in plant breeding as it can shorten the breeding cycle, fix agronomic characters in homozygous state and enhance the selection efficiency of useful recessive agronomic traits. Recently, doubled haploids have been largely recognized as an important component of crop improvement through genome mapping, quantitative trait locus analysis, and genetic mutation, and as targets for genetic transformation programs. Thus, this review is focused mainly on various facets of doubled haploid in the chief staple food crop rice and sights its recent applications in plant breeding, genetics and genomics.

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Genetic Improvement of Japonica Rice Variety Wuyujing 3 for Stripe Disease Resistance and Eating Quality by Pyramiding Stv-bi and Wx-mq Tao Chen, Hao Wu, Ya-dong Zhang, Zhen Zhu, Qi-yong Zhao, Li-hui Zhou, Shu Yao, Ling Zhao, Xin Yu, Chun-fang Zhao, Cai-lin Wang 2016, 23(2): 69-77.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.02.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (534KB) ( )   Japonica rice variety Kanto 194 as the donor of resistance gene Stv-bi and low-amylose content gene Wx-mq was used to improve the resistance and eating quality of Wuyujing 3 by the breeding strategy of backcross. In continuous backcross and selfcross generations, the related molecular markers with Stv-bi and Wx-mq genes were utilized for genotypic detection by associated with resistance identification of rice stripe disease and agronomic traits selection. Finally, 10 improved lines with homozygous genotype Stv-biStv-biWx-mqWx-mq were obtained from BC3F4 generation. The results of comparative analysis indicated that most characters of these lines were consistent with those of recipient parent Wuyujing 3, except for the improved resistance, appearance and eating quality. By evaluation of the comprehensive performance of them, two excellent lines K01 and K04 were selected for further experiments.

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Dry Matter Partitioning and Harvest Index Differ in Rice Genotypes with Variable Rates of Phosphorus and Zinc Nutrition Amanullah, Inamullah 2016, 23(2): 78-87.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.09.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (731KB) ( )   Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are the major problems that decrease crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. Field experiments were conducted to investigate impacts of P (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/hm2) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/hm2) on dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning, and harvest index of three rice genotypes ‘fine (Bamati-385) vs. coarse (F-Malakand and Pukhraj)’ at various growth stages (tillering, heading and physiological maturity). The experiments were conducted at farmers’ field at Batkhela in Northwestern Pakistan for two years in summer 2011 and 2012. The two year pooled data reveled that there were no differences in percent of DM partitioning into leaves and culms with application of different P and Zn levels, and genotypes at tillering. The highest P level (120 kg/hm2) partitioned more DM into panicles than leaves and culms at heading and physiological maturity stages. The highest Zn level (15 kg/hm2) accumulated more DM and partitioned more DM into panicles than leaves and culms at heading and physiological maturity stages. The hybrid rice (Pukhraj) produced and partitioned more DM into panicles than F-Malakand and Bamati-385 at heading and physiological maturity stages. Higher DM accumulation and greater amounts of partitioning into panicles at heading and physiological maturity stages was noticed with increase in P and Zn levels, and the increase was significantly higher in the coarse rice genotypes than fine. We concluded that the growing hybrid rice with application of 120 kg/hm2 P + 15 kg/hm2 Zn not only increases total DM accumulation and partitioned greater amounts into the reproductive plant parts (panicles) but also results in higher harvest index.

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Quality of Irrigated Water with Nanometer Pottery Tray Treatment and Its Effects on Seed Soaking Jun-rong Huang, Ai-juan Wang, Guo-rong Wang, Lian-meng Liu, Shi-wen Huang 2016, 23(2): 88-95.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.02.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (484KB) ( )   To study the impacts of nanometer pottery trays (NPTs) on different rice varieties, three rice varieties, Zhongzheyou 1, Jinzao 47 and Xiushui 09, were treated with four NPTs (NPT-A, NPT-B, NPT-C and NPT-D) with different energies, respectively. The results showed that when the same rice variety was treated with different NPTs or different rice varieties were treated with the same NPT, the impacts on seed germination rate, seedling growth, plant height, panicle length and weight, the number of filled grains, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight varied between different rice variety-NPT interaction groups. In general, high energy NPT-C and NPT-D treatments obviously enhanced the functions of most examined rice characters. For example, NPT-C and NPT-D treatments improved the germination rate of all the three rice varieties, and promoted the root growth of seedlings, and increased seedling fresh weight, single panicle weight, filled grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. On the contrary, low energy NPT-A treatment restrained the seed germination rate in Jinzao 47 and Zhongzheyou 1, and decreased the seedling fresh weight in Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-B treatment restrained the seedling growth in Jinzao 47 but increased the panicle length of Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-A and NPT-C treatments obviously decreased the 1000-grain weight in Xiushui 09. Therefore, when treating crop seeds or plants using nanomaterials or nanotechnologies, different types of crops/varieties should select the nanomaterials or nanotechnologies with suitable energies to reduce the negative effects.

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Antixenosis and Tolerance of Rice Genotypes Against Brown Planthopper Singh Sarao Preetinder, Sanmallappa Bentur Jagadaish 2016, 23(2): 96-103.  DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.02.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (581KB) ( )   Nine genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for antixenosis and tolerance against brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål). In antixenosis studies, proportion of insects settled on a test genotype in relation to the susceptible control TN1 was recorded, with significantly lower proportion of nymphs (55.22%-59.18%), adult males (60.33%-60.75%), and adult females (80.56%-79.26%) settled on RP2068-18-3-5 and Ptb33 in relation to those on TN1. Based on number of feeding sites, the test genotypes were ranked in order from the highest to the lowest as RP2068-18-3-5, Ptb33, MR1523, Rathu Heenati, Sinnasivappu, ARC10550, MO1, INRC3021 and TN1. The order was exactly reverse in terms of fecundity expressed as number of eggs laid per female. In tolerance studies, days to wilt, functional plant loss index and plant dry weight loss to BPH dry weight produced were recorded. RP2068-18-3-5, Rathu Heenati and Ptb33 performed better than the other test genotypes. These results helped in relative quantification of BPH resistance levels in the genotypes. RP2068-18-3-5, a new effective source of BPH resistance, can be used in resistance breeding after tagging of resistant genes/QTLs linked to different parameters of antixenosis and tolerance with selectable molecular markers.

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Cloning and Characterization of karmoisin Homologue Gene (Nlka) in Two Brown Planthopper Strains with Different Eye Colors Shu-hua Liu, Jian Tang, Ju Luo, Bao-jun Yang, Ai-ying Wang, Jin-cai Wu 2016, 23(2): 104-110.  DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2016.02.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1034KB) ( )   The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a destructive insect pest of rice throughout Asia. Different from brown-eye color wild type, BPH also has red-eye color mutation phenotype. As a visible genetic marker, the red-eye mutant in BPH is a valuable material. To reveal the eye color mutation mechanism, a karmoisin homologue gene (named as Nlka) was cloned from BPH. And karmoisin is always deemd as a xanthommatin-related gene in other insects, encoding phenoxazinone synthetase (PHS). Nlka is consisted of 7 exons and encodes a protein with 502 amino acids (NlKA). NlKA showed high amino acid identities with its insect homologues (48.8%-51.8%). Nlka transcripts can be detected at all the developmental stages and in all tissues tested, including egg, nymph, adult, body wall, ovary, fat body, midgut and Malpighian tubule. However, no constant In/Del or non-synonymous mutation was observed between the mutant and the wild type strains. Quantitative real-time PCR experiment also showed that Nlka transcript level had no significant differences between them. These results indicated that Nlka is not the target gene causing the red-eye color mutation phenotype of BPH. Through the second structure and motif analysis, the present study also showed that all the proteins deduced from the karmoisin genes in insects may be members of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) rather than PHSs.