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    Putrescine Modulates Cadmium Fixation Ability of Cell Wall to Decrease Cadmium Accumulation in Rice, a Process Might Depend on Nitric Oxide
    Wang Haoyu, Li Su, Yang Jibo, Huang Jing, Zhu Xiaofang, Shen Renfang, Zeng Dali
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 237-240.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.009
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    Seed Storability in Rice: Physiological Foundations, Molecular Mechanisms, and Applications in Breeding
    Zhou Tianshun, Yu Dong, Wu Liubing, Xu Yusheng, Duan Meijuan, Yuan Dingyang
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 401-416.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.011
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    Long-term storage of crop seeds is critical for the conservation of germplasm resources, ensuring food supply, and supporting sustainable production. Rice, as a major food staple, has a substantial stock for consumption and production worldwide. However, its food value and seed viability tend to decline during storage. Understanding the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of aging tolerance forms the basis for enhancing seed storability in rice. This review outlines the latest progress in influential factors, evaluation methods, and identification indices of seed storability. It also discusses the physiological consequences, molecular mechanisms, and strategies for breeding aging-tolerant rice in detail. Finally, it highlights challenges in seed storability research that require future attention. This review offers a theoretical foundation and research direction for uncovering the mechanisms behind seed storability and breeding aging-tolerant rice.

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    Direct-Seeded Rice: Genetic Improvement of Game-Changing Traits for Better Adaption
    Priyanka Negi, Jagadish Rane, Rajendra Sadashiv Wagh, Tukaram Jayaram Bhor, Dipti Digambar Godse, Priyanka Jadhav, C. Anilkumar, Dasari Sreekanth, K. Sammi Reddy, Sharad Ramrao Gadakh, K. M. Boraih, C. B. Harisha, P. S. Basavaraj
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 417-433.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.006
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    The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water costs accompanying it, direct-seeded rice (DSR) is unquestionably one of the most practical solutions. Despite its resource and climate-friendly advantages, early maturing rice faces weed competitiveness and seedling establishment challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial for promoting its wider adoption among farmers, presenting it as a more effective sustainable rice cultivation method globally. Diverse traditional and contemporary breeding methods are employed to mitigate the limitations of the DSR approach, leveraging advanced techniques such as speed breeding and genome editing. Focusing on key traits like mesocotyl length elongation, early seedling vigor, root system architecture, and weed competitiveness holds promise for transformative improvements in DSR adaptation at a broader scale within farming communities. This review aims to summarize how these features contribute to increased crop production in DSR conditions and explore the research efforts focusing on enhancing DSR adaptation through these traits. Emphasizing the pivotal role of these game-changing traits in DSR adaptation, our analysis sheds light on their potential transformative impact and offers valuable insights for advancing DSR practices.

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    Improving Semi-Dried Brown Rice Noodle Quality via Mixed Fermentation of Lactobacillus and Yeast
    Luo Lijuan, Cheng Zixuan, Qiao Fan, Xiong Gangping, Liu Jun, Huang Qingming, Li Jiangtao, Lin Qinlu, Liu Chun
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (5): 489-493.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.005
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    Exploring Nutritional Compositions, Volatile Compounds, Health Benefits, Emerging Processing Technologies, and Potential Food Products of Glutinous Rice: A Review
    Maimunah Mohd Ali, Norhashila Hashim
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 251-268.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.002
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    Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa) stands out as one of the most popular rice varieties globally, amidst thousands of rice cultivars. Its increasing popularity is attributed to its rich nutritional compositions and health benefits. This review aims to summarize the nutritional compositions, volatile compounds, and health benefits of glutinous rice. Further, in-depth studies are necessary to explore the utilization of glutinous rice in enhancing processing technologies and developing new food products. Glutinous rice has been shown to possess numerous health benefits, including antioxidant activity, bioactive compounds, anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-diabetic potential, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Besides its nutritional compositions, the major volatile compounds identified in glutinous rice could serve as a functional food for human consumption. Emerging processing technologies related to glutinous rice are elaborated to improve the latest developments for incorporating them into various food products.

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    Salinity Stress Deteriorates Grain Yield and Increases 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Content in Rice
    Wei Huanhe, Ma Weiyi, Zhang Xiang, Zuo Boyuan, Geng Xiaoyu, Wang Lulu, Zhu Wang, Chen Yinglong, Huo Zhongyang, Xu Ke, Meng Tianyao, Dai Qigen
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 371-374.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.010
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    Molecular Mechanism of Rice Necrotic Lesion for Optimized Yield and Disease Resistance
    Hou Xinyue, Wang Yuping, Qian Qian, Ren Deyong
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 285-299.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.12.003
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    How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding. Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance, but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield. Currently, many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified, and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways. This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics, classification, and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation. Additionally, we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance. Concurrently, we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods. We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.

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    Effects of Biochar Inoculation with Bacillus megaterium on Rice Soil Phosphorus Fraction Transformation and Bacterial Community Dynamics
    Yu Keru, Xue Zhaokun, Fang Xianzhi, Ma Jiawei, Wang Yongjun, Liu Dan, Ye Zhengqian
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 361-365.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.003
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    Genome-Wide Association Study of Cooked Rice Textural Attributes and Starch Physicochemical Properties in indica Rice
    Deng Bowen, Zhang Yanni, Zhang Fan, Wang Wensheng, Xu Jianlong, Zhang Yu, Bao Jinsong
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 300-316.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.008
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    Rice cooking and eating qualities (CEQ) are mainly determined by cooked rice textural parameters and starch physicochemical properties. However, the genetic bases of grain texture and starch properties in rice have not been fully understood. We conducted a genome-wide association study for apparent amylose content (AAC), starch pasting viscosities, and cooked rice textural parameters using 279 indica rice accessions from the 3 000 Rice Genome Project. We identified 26 QTLs in the whole population and detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the lowest P-value at the Waxy (Wx) locus for all traits except pasting temperature and cohesiveness. Additionally, we detected significant SNPs at the SUBSTANDARD STARCH GRAIN6 (SSG6) locus for AAC, setback (SB), hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness (CHEW), gumminess (GUM), and resilience. We subsequently divided the population using a SNP adjacent to the Waxy locus, and identified 23 QTLs and 12 QTLs in two sub-panels, WxT and WxA, respectively. In these sub-panels, SSG6 was also identified to be associated with pasting parameters, including peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, cold paste viscosity, and consistency viscosity. Furthermore, a candidate gene encoding monosaccharide transporter 5 (OsMST5) was identified to be associated with AAC, breakdown, SB, CHEW, and GUM. In total, 39 QTLs were co-localized with known genes or previously reported QTLs. These identified genes and QTLs provide valuable information for genetic manipulation to improve rice CEQ.

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    Response of Rice Growth and Nutrient Absorption in a Saline- Alkali Paddy to Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications
    Wang Xinyi, Zhu Hui, Yan Baixing, Brian Shutes, Zeng Yuan
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 245-250.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.03.001
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    Methane Emission from Rice Fields: Necessity for Molecular Approach for Mitigation
    Sujeevan Rajendran, Hyeonseo Park, Jiyoung Kim, Soon Ju Park, Dongjin Shin, Jong-Hee Lee, Young Hun Song, Nam-Chon Paek, Chul Min Kim
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (2): 159-178.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.10.003
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    Anthropogenic methane emissions are a leading cause of the increase in global average temperatures, often referred to as global warming. Flooded soils play a significant role in methane production, where the anaerobic conditions promote the production of methane by methanogenic microorganisms. Rice fields contribute a considerable portion of agricultural methane emissions, as rice plants provide both factors that enhance and limit methane production. Rice plants harbor both methane- producing and methane-oxidizing microorganisms. Exudates from rice roots provide source for methane production, while oxygen delivered from the root aerenchyma enhances methane oxidation. Studies have shown that the diversity of these microorganisms depends on rice cultivars with some genes characterized as harboring specific groups of microorganisms related to methane emissions. However, there is still a need for research to determine the balance between methane production and oxidation, as rice plants possess the ability to regulate net methane production. Various agronomical practices, such as fertilizer and water management, have been employed to mitigate methane emissions. Nevertheless, studies correlating agronomic and chemical management of methane with productivity are limited. Moreover, evidences for breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties are scattered largely due to the absence of coordinated breeding programs. Research has indicated that phenotypic characteristics, such as root biomass, shoot architecture, and aerenchyma, are highly correlated with methane emissions. This review discusses available studies that involve the correlation between plant characteristics and methane emissions. It emphasizes the necessity and importance of breeding low-methane-emitting rice varieties in addition to existing agronomic, biological, and chemical practices. The review also delves into the ideal phenotypic and physiological characteristics of low-methane-emitting rice and potential breeding techniques, drawing from studies conducted with diverse varieties, mutants, and transgenic plants.

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    Interaction Between Ustilaginoidea virens and Rice and Its Sustainable Control
    Zhang Fengmin, Cao Zhenzhen, Zheng Xin, He Yuntao, Chen Mingxue, Lin Xiaoyan
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 269-284.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.012
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    Ustilaginoidea virens is a common rice pathogen that can easily lead to a decline in rice quality and the production of toxins pose potential risks to human health. In this review, we present a comprehensive literature review of research since the discovery of rice false smut. We provide a comprehensive and, at times, critical overview of the main results and findings from related research, and propose future research directions. Firstly, we delve into the interaction between U. virens and rice, including the regulation of transcription factors, the process of U. virens infecting rice panicles, and the plant immune response caused by rice infection. Following that, we discuss the identification and characterization of mycotoxins produced by the pathogenic fungus, as well as strategies for disease management. We emphasize the importance of comprehensive agricultural prevention and control methods for the sustainable management of U. virens. This knowledge will update our understanding of the interaction between U. virens and rice plants, offering a valuable perspective for those interested in U. virens.

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    Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Effector AGLIP1 Enhanced Resistance of Rice to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA
    Zhao Mei, Liu Xiaoxue, Wan Jun, Zhou Erxun, Shu Canwei
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 463-474.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.005
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    Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens onto their host plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which R. solani effectors regulate rice immunity are not well understood. Through prediction, 78 candidate effector molecules were identified. Using the tobacco rattle virus-host induced gene silencing (TRV-HIGS) system, 45 RNAi constructs of effector genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results revealed that eight of these constructs resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by infection with the AG1-IA strain GD-118. Additionally, stable rice transformants carrying the double-stranded RNA construct for one of the effector genes, AGLIP1, were generated to further verify the function of this gene. The suppression of the AGLIP1 gene increased the resistance of both N. benthamiana and rice against GD-118, and also affected the growth rate of GD-118, indicating that AGLIP1 is a key pathogenic factor. Small RNA sequencing showed that the HIGS vectors were processed into siRNAs within the plants and then translocated to the fungi, leading to the silencing of the target genes. As a result, AGLIP1 might be an excellent candidate for HIGS, thereby enhancing crop resistance against the pathogen and contributing to the control of R. solani infection.

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    Efficient Breeding of Early-Maturing Rice Cultivar by Editing Hd6 via CRISPR/Cas9
    Chen Zhihui, Tao Yajun, Xu Yang, Wu Jingjing, Wang Fangquan, Li Wenqi, Jiang Yanjie, Fan Fangjun, Li Xia, Zhu Jianping, Zhu Qian-Hao, Yang Jie
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (6): 629-633.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.007
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    Gapless Genome Assembly of ZH8015 and Preliminary Multi-Omics Analysis to Investigate ZH8015’s Responses Against Brown Planthopper Infestation
    Li Dian, Duan Wenjing, Liu Qun’en, Wu Weixun, Zhan Xiaodeng, Sun Lianping, Zhang Yingxin, Cheng Shihua
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 317-327.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.001
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    Accurate genomic information is essential for advancing genetic breeding research in specific rice varieties. This study presented a gapless genome assembly of the indica rice cultivar Zhonghui 8015 (ZH8015) using PacBio HiFi, Hi-C, and ONT (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) ultra-long sequencing technologies, annotating 43 037 gene structures. Subsequently, utilizing this genome along with transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques, we explored ZH8015’s response to brown planthopper (BPH) infestation. Continuous transcriptomic sampling indicated significant changes in gene expression levels around 48 h after BPH feeding. Enrichment analysis revealed particularly significant alterations in genes related to reactive oxygen species scavenging and cell wall formation. Metabolomic results demonstrated marked increases in levels of several monosaccharides, which are components of the cell wall and dramatic changes in flavonoid contents. Omics association analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with key metabolites, shedding light on ZH8015’s response to BPH infestation. In summary, this study constructed a reliable genome sequence resource for ZH8015, and the preliminary multi-omics results will guide future insect-resistant breeding research.

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    Anticancer Activity of Rice Callus Suspension Cultures from Aromatic Varieties and Metabolites Regulated in Treated Cancer Cell Lines
    Anuradha Kumari, Wusirika Ramakrishna
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 449-462.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.002
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    Tissue culture techniques were used to produce large amounts of bioactive compounds with medicinal potential, overcoming space and time constraints for cancer prevention. Rice callus suspension cultures (RCSC) and seed extracts prepared from aromatic rice varieties were used to evaluate the cytotoxic impact on human colon and lung cancer cell lines, as well as a normal control cell line, using Taxol as a positive control. RCSC and seed extracts from two Indian aromatic rice varieties were applied at different concentrations to treat the cancer cell lines and normal lung fibroblasts over varying time intervals. Apoptosis was assessed in 1:5 dilutions of the A549 and HT-29 cell lines treated with RCSC for 72 h, using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. RCSC showed a more potent cytotoxic effect than seed extracts with minimal effect on the normal cell line, in contrast to Taxol. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry further confirmed the apoptotic effect of RCSC. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling identified metabolites involved in cytotoxicity and highlighted altered pathways. RCSC is proposed as an alternative source for the development of novel anticancer drugs with reduced side effects.

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    Rice Heat Tolerance Breeding: A Comprehensive Review and Forward Gaze
    Ravindran Lalithambika Visakh, Sreekumar Anand, Sukumaran Nair Arya, Behera Sasmita, Uday Chand Jha, Rameswar Prasad Sah, Radha Beena
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 375-400.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.004
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    The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.

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    Drought-Tolerant Rice at Molecular Breeding Eras: An Emerging Reality
    Zhu Chengqi, Ye Yuxuan, Qiu Tian, Huang Yafan, Ying Jifeng, Shen Zhicheng
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (2): 179-189.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.005
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    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world, with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress. Drought stress impacts about 45% of the world’s rice area, affecting plants at molecular, biochemical, physiological, and phenotypic levels. The conventional breeding method, predominantly employing single pedigree selection, has been widely utilized in breeding numerous drought-tolerant rice varieties since the Green Revolution. With rapid progress in plant molecular biology, hundreds of drought-tolerant QTLs/genes have been identified and tested in rice crops under both indoor and field conditions. Several genes have been introgressed into elite germplasm to develop commercially accepted drought-tolerant varieties, resulting in the development of several drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker-assisted selection and genetically engineered approaches. This review provides up-to-date information on proof-of-concept genes and breeding methods in the molecular breeding era, offering guidance for rice breeders to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.

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    Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA and Agro-Morphological Traits-Based Fingerprinting for Detection of Genetic Divergence in Indian Black Rice
    Manisha Sharma, Dhananjay Raturi, Vijay Rani Rajpal, Manju Chaudhary, Soom Nath Raina, Apekshita Singh
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (4): 366-370.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.03.002
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    Cell Wall Fixation, Translocation, and Vacuolar Detoxification of Cadmium Contribute to Differential Grain Cadmium Accumulation in Two Rice Cultivars
    Zhu Xiaofang, Zhao Ling, Huang Jing, He Jiatong, Song Jiayin, Teng Ying, Shen Renfang
    Rice Science    2024, 31 (3): 241-244.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.010
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