Strategies for Fermentable Sugar Production by Using Pressurized Acid Hydrolysis for Rice Husks

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2019.08.006

Abstract

Abstract:

This study investigated the use of leftover biomass (rice husks) as the raw material for the biotechnological production of platform chemicals and biopolymers. Following the biorefinery concept, different acid hydrolysates were studied and resulted into a wide range of treatment strategies. Chemometrics were applied throughout the procedures in multivariate experimental conditions. By using the best hydrolytic conditions of 6.0% H₃PO₄, 135 ºC (45 MPa) and reaction time of 62 min, 21.0 g/L sugar hydrolysates were produced; by using the best hydrolytic condition of 4.5% HNO₃, 135 ºC/35 min, 16.1 g/L sugar hydrolysates were produced; and with the hydrolysates use of 1.5% H₂SO₄ and 1.5% HCl, 135 ºC/62 min, 18.2 and 17.8 g/L sugar hydrolysates were produced, respectively. The highest productivity, in terms of fermentable sugars, reached 68% of integral cellulose/hemicellulose fraction and surpassed those found in the literature, with regard to the processing of rice husks, by considering just one step process. Sulfuric hydrolysate, detoxified with active carbon, was used to prove this proposal viability, resulting in a fermentation substrate for A. terreus (ATCC10020) and R. radiobacter (LMG196) strains (natural producers of bioproducts), which certified the feasibility of the proposal. The production of fermentable sugars from leftover biomass should encourage a search for new bioconversion routes, which can result in economic and environmental benefits and a spread of knowledge.

Key words: biorefinery, multivariate design, pressurized acid hydrolysis, rice husk, sugar

B. Pedroso Giovanni, R. Philippsen Michael, F. Saldanha Loisleini, B. Araujo Raiara, F. Martins Ayrton. Strategies for Fermentable Sugar Production by Using Pressurized Acid Hydrolysis for Rice Husks[J]. Rice Science, 2019, 26(5): 319-330.

Figures/Tables 13

References 34

[1]	Ang T N, Ngoh G C, Chua A S M.2013. Comparative study of various pretreatment reagents on rice husk and structural changes assessment of the optimized pretreated rice husk.Bioresource Technol, 135: 116-119.
[2]	Arefieva O D, Zemnukhova L A, Kovshun A A, Kovekhova A V.2017. Processing methods of alkaline hydrolysate from rice husk.Rice Sci, 24(4): 235-240.
[3]	Bakhtyiari M, Moosavi-Nasab M, Askari H.2015. Optimization of succinoglycan hydrocolloid production by Agrobacterium radiobacter grown in sugar beet molasses and investigation of its physicochemical characteristics. Food Hydrocolloid, 45: 18-29.
[4]	Balagurumurthy B, Singh R, Oza T S, Shiva Kumar K L N, Saran S, Bahuguna G M, Chauhan R K, Bhaskar T.2014. Effect of pressure and temperature on the hydropyrolysis of cotton residue.J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, 16: 442-448.
[5]	Bevilaqua D B, Rambo M K D, Rizzetti T M, Cardoso A L, Martins A F.2013. Cleaner production: Levulinic acid from rice husks.J Clean Prod, 47: 96-101.
[6]	Bevilaqua D B, Montipó S, Pedroso G B, Martins A F.2015. Sustainable succinic acid production from rice husks.Sustain Chem Pharm, 1: 9-13.
[7]	Boonterm M, Sunyadeth S, Dedpakdee S, Athichalinthorn P, Patcharaphun S, Mungkung R, Techapiesancharoenkij R.2016. Characterization and comparison of cellulose fiber extraction from rice straw by chemical treatment and thermal steam explosion.J Clean Prod, 134: 592-599.
[8]	Cheali P, Posada J A, Gernaey K Y, Sin G.2015. Upgrading of lignocellulosic biorefinery to value-added chemicals: Sustainability and economics of bioethanol-derivatives.Biomass Bioenerg, 75: 282-300.
[9]	Chen J Y, Zhang C, Li M L, Chen J M, Wang Y D, Zhou F F.2018. Microwave-enhanced sub-critical hydrolysis of rice straw to produce reducing sugar catalyzed by ionic liquid.J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, 20(2): 1364-1370.
[10]	Choi S, Song C W, Shin J H, Lee S Y.2015. Biorefineries for the production of top building block chemicals and their derivatives.Metab Eng, 28: 223-239.
[11]	CONAB (National Supply Company of Brazil). 2018. Crop Report 2017/2018. Brasilia: Brazil Agriculture Ministry.
[12]	Dagnino E P, Chamorro E R, Romano S D, Felissia F E, Area M C.2013. Optimization of the acid pretreatment of rice hulls to obtain fermentable sugars for bioethanol production.Ind Crop Prod, 42: 363-368.
[13]	de Vasconcelos S M, Santos A M P, Rocha G J M, Souto-Maior A M.2013. Diluted phosphoric acid pretreatment for production of fermentable sugars in a sugarcane-based biorefinery.Bioresource Technol, 135: 46-52.
[14]	Demirel F, Germeç M, Coban H B, Turhan I.2018. Optimization of dilute acid pretreatment of barley husk and oat husk and determination of their chemical composition.Cellulose, 25(11): 6377-6393.
[15]	Germeç M, Demirel F, Tas N, Ozcan A, Yilmazer C, Onuk Z, Turhan I.2017. Microwave-assisted dilute acid pretreatment of different agricultural bioresources for fermentable sugar production.Cellulose, 24(10): 4337-4353.
[16]	Heredia-Olea E, Pérez-Carrilho E, Serna-Saldívar S O.2012. Effects of different acid hydrolyses on the conversion of sweet sorghum bagasse into C5 and C6 sugars and yeast inhibitors using response surface methodology.Bioresour Technol, 119: 216-223.
[17]	INCQS (National Institute for Quality Assurance in Health). 2015. Reactivation guide for microorganisms as fungus and yeasts. São Paulo, Brazil.
[18]	INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology). 2017. Guidelines for calibration and other parameters. Brasilia: INMETRO.
[19]	Karimi K, Taherzadeh M J.2016. A critical review of analytical methods in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Composition, imaging, and crystallinity.Bioresour Technol, 200: 1008-1018.
[20]	Kuenz A, Gallenmüller Y, Willke V, Vorlop K D.2012. Microbial production of itaconic acid: Developing a stable platform for high product concentrations.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 96(5): 1209-1216.
[21]	Kumari M, Asthir B.2016. Transformation of sucrose to starch and protein in rice leaves and grains under two establishment methods.Rice Sci, 23(5): 255-265.
[22]	Kundu C, Trinh L T P, Lee H J, Lee J W.2015. Bioethanol production from oxalic acid-pretreated biomass and hemicellulose- rich hydrolysates via a combined detoxification process.Fuel, 161: 129-136.
[23]	Lenihan P, Orozco A, O’Neill E, Ahmad M N M, Rooney D W, Walker G M.2010. Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.Chem Eng J, 156(2): 395-403.
[24]	Loow Y L, Wu T Y, Jahim J M, Mohammad A W, Teoh W H.2016. Typical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars using dilute acid hydrolysis and alkaline treatment.Cellulose, 23(3): 1491-1520.
[25]	Menon V, Rao M.2012. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform chemicals and bioreﬁnery concept.Prog Energy Comb Sci, 38(4): 522-550.
[26]	Ng L Y, Andiappan V, Chemmangattuvalappil N G, Ng D K S.2015. A systematic methodology for optimal mixture design in an integrated biorefinery.Comput Chem Eng, 81: 288-309.
[27]	Pedroso G B, Montipó S, Mario D A N, Alves S H, Martins A F.2017. Building block itaconic acid from left-over biomass.Biomass Conv Bioref, 7(1): 23-35.
[28]	Rabemanolontsoa H, Saka S.2016. Various pretreatments of lignocellulosics.Bioresour Technol, 199: 83-91.
[29]	Rambo M K D, Bevilaqua D B, Brenner C G B, Martins A F, Mario D N, Alves S H, Mallman C A, Martins A F,.2013. Xylitol from rice husks by acid hydrolysis and Candida yeast fermentation.Quim Nova, 36(5): 634-639.
[30]	Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D.2005a. Determination of ash in biomass: Laboratory analytical procedures. National Renewable Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42622.
[31]	Sluiter A, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D.2005b. Determination of extractives in biomass: Laboratory analytical procedures. National Renewable Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42619.
[32]	Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D, Crocker D.2008. Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass: Laboratory analytical procedures. National Renewable Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42618.
[33]	Temiz E, Akpinar O.2017. The effect of severity factor on the release of xilose and phenolics from rice husk and rice straw.Waste Biomass Valor, 8: 505-516.
[34]	Timung R, Mohan M, Chilukoti B, Sasmal S, Banerjee T, Goud V V.2015. Optimization of dilute acid and hot water pretreatment of different lignocellulosic biomass: A comparative study.Biomass Bioenery, 81: 9-18.

Acid	Factor	Level
Acid	Factor	-1.68	-1	0	1	1.68
HCl	Concentration (%)	0.8	1.5	2.5	3.5	4.2
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
H₂SO₄	Concentration (%)	0.8	1.5	2.5	3.5	4.2
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
H₃PO₄	Concentration (%)	0.9	1.9	3.4	4.9	6
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
HNO₃	Concentration (%)	0.6	1.4	2.6	3.8	4.5
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162

Acid	Factor	Level
Acid	Factor	-1.68	-1	0	1	1.68
HCl	Concentration (%)	0.8	1.5	2.5	3.5	4.2
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
H₂SO₄	Concentration (%)	0.8	1.5	2.5	3.5	4.2
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
H₃PO₄	Concentration (%)	0.9	1.9	3.4	4.9	6
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162
HNO₃	Concentration (%)	0.6	1.4	2.6	3.8	4.5
	Time (min)	28	35	45	55	62
	Temperature (ºC)	128	135	145	155	162

Factor	Level
Factor	-1	0	1
Concentration (%)	1	2.5	4
Temperature (ºC)	40	60	80

Factor	Level
Factor	-1	0	1
Concentration (%)	1	2.5	4
Temperature (ºC)	40	60	80

Analyst	Time (min) ^a	Regression equation	Linear range (g/L)	r²	LOD	LOQ
Glucose	11.3	y = 322.15x + 1646.41	0.25-2.00	0.999	7	23
Xylose	12.2	y = 312.35x - 152.25	0.25-2.00	0.999	7.5	25
Arabinose	13.4	y = 324.30x - 704.10	0.25-2.00	0.998	7	23
Fructose	12.6	y = 334.87x - 2345.60	0.25-2.00	0.999	7.5	25
Rhamnose	12.8	y = 302.34x - 2976.68	0.25-2.00	0.999	7.5	25
Formic acid	16.8	y = 99.79x - 1707.91	0.50-1.00	0.999	16.5	55
Acetic acid	18.2	y = 128.54x - 1642.79	0.50-1.00	0.999	16.5	55