Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2019.12.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan (HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36 (heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature (HT, 40 ºC) and normal-temperature (NT, 32 ºC) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase (EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase (EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.

Key words: rice, high temperature, panicle development, spikelet number, carbohydrate allocation, sugar consumption

Yaliang Wang, Yikai Zhang, Qinghua Shi, Huizhe Chen, Jing Xiang, Guohui Hu, Yanhua Chen, Xiaodan Wang, Junke Wang, Zihao Yi, Defeng Zhu, Yuping Zhang. Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction[J]. Rice Science, 2020, 27(1): 44-55.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Effects of high temperature (HT) on panicle development, numbers of differentiated and degenerated spikelets, spikelet size, spikelet fertility, and leaf photosynthesis of Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and IR36 compared with normal temperature (NT) after 7 and 15 d. ===A, Panicle morphology. B, Dry weight per panicle. C, Panicle length. D, Fully formed panicle morphology. E, Panicle length. F, Number of spikelets per panicle at the heading stage. G, Spikelet length. H, Spikelet width. I, Grain weight at the maturity stage. J, Seed-setting rate at the maturity stage. K, Leaf net photosynthesis rate in the top expanded leaf. L, Dry weight per tiller. ===NDFS, Number of differentiated spikelets; NSS, Number of surviving spikelets.===Bars = 0.3 cm for 1 d treatment, 2 cm for 7 d treatment, and 4 cm for 15 d treatment in A and 2.5 cm in D. Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). * and **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels by the one-tailed Student’s t-test, respectively.

Fig. 2. Nonstructural carbohydrate, soluble sugar, and starch contents in the leaf, young stem, and young panicle of Huanghuazhan and IR36 under normal temperature (NT) and high temperature (HT) treatments after 7 and 15 d. ===A-C, Nonstructural carbohydrate content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. D-E, Soluble sugar content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. G-I, Starch content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. ===Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). * and **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

Fig. 3. Transcript levels of sucrose transporter genes in the leaf, stem, and young panicle of Huanghuazhan and IR36 under normal temperature (NT) and high temperature (HT) treatments after 7 and 15 d. ===A-C, Transcript levels of OsSUT1 in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. B-F, Transcript levels of OsSUT2 in the leaf, stem and panicle respectively. G-I, Transcript levels of OsSUT4 in the leaf, stem and panicle respectively. ===Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Expression levels of OsSUT1, OsSUT2, and OsSUT4 in NT were set to 1.0. * and **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

Fig. 4. Sucrose, glucose and fructose contents in the leaf, stem and young panicle of Huanghuazhan and IR36 under normal temperature (NT) and high temperature (HT) treatments after 7 and 15 d. ===A-C, Sucrose content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. D-F, Glucose content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. G-I, Fructose content in the leaf, stem and panicle, respectively. ==Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.01 level by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

Fig. 5. Activities of soluble acid invertase and sucrose synthase, and transcript levels of related genes in the panicles of Huanghuazhan and IR36 under normal temperature (NT) and high temperature (HT) treatments after 7 and 15 d. ===A, Soluble acid invertase activity. B and C, Transcript levels of OsINV1 and OsINV3, respectively. D, Sucrose synthase activity. E and F, Transcript levels of OsSUS2 and OsSUS3, respectively. ===Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Expression levels of OsINV1, OsINV3, OsSUS2 and OsSUT3 under NT were set to 1.0. * and **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

Fig. 6. Activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and ɑ-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase in panicles of Huanghuazhan and IR36 under normal temperature (NT) and high temperature (HT) treatments after 7 and 15 d. ===A, Hexokinase activity. B, Pyruvate kinase activity. C, Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. D, ɑ-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase activity. ===Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). **, Significant differences between NT and HT at the 0.01 level by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

Fig. 7. Effects of exogenous sucrose, glucose, and fructose on spikelet formation of Huanghuazhan and IR36 after 15 d of high temperature (HT). ===A, Number of surviving spikelets. B, Number of differentiated spikelets. C, Proportion of degenerated spikelets. ===Values are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). *, Significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels by the one-tailed Student’s t-test.

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