Changes in Metabolites and Allelopathic Effects of Non-Pigmented and Black-Pigmented Lowland Indica Rice Varieties in Phosphorus Deficiency

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Phosphorus (P) levels alter the allelopathic activity of rice seedlings against lettuce seeds. In this study, we investigated the effect of P deficiency on the allelopathic potential of non-pigmented and pigmented rice varieties. Rice seedlings of the white variety Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105, non-pigmented) and the black varieties Jao Hom Nin (JHN, pigmented) and Riceberry (RB, pigmented) were cultivated under high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Morphological and metabolic responses to P deficiency were investigated. P deficiency inhibited shoot growth but promoted root growth of rice seedlings in all three varieties. Moreover, P deficiency led to decreased cytosolic phosphate (Pi) and total P concentrations in both shoot and root tissues. The subsequent reduction in internal P concentration enhanced the accumulation of phenolic compounds in both shoot and root tissues of the seedlings. Subsequently, allelopathy-based inter- and intra-specific interactions were assessed using water extracts from seedlings of the three varieties grown under HP and LP conditions. These extracts were tested on seeds of lettuce, the weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and the same rice variety. The shoot and root extracts from P-deficient seedlings reduced the germination of all recipient plants. Specifically, the shoot extract from P-deficient KDML105 seedlings reduced the germination index (GI) of lettuce seeds to 1%, while those from P-deficient RB and JHN seedlings produced GIs of 32% and 42%, respectively. However, when rice seeds were exposed to their own LP shoot and root extracts, their GIs increased up to 4-fold, compared with the HP extracts. Additionally, the shoot extracts from P-deficient plants also stimulated the germination of D. aegyptium by about 2-3-fold, whereas the root extracts did not have this effect. Therefore, P starvation led to the accumulation and exudation of phenolics in the shoots and roots of rice seedlings, altering their allelopathic activities. To adapt to P deficiency, rice seedlings potentially release signaling chemicals to suppress nearby competing species while simultaneously promoting their own germination and growth.

Key words: phosphorus deficiency, non-pigmented and black-pigmented rice, phenolics, extract, allelopathy

Liyana Sara, Sompop Saeheng, Panupong Puttarak, Lompong Klinnawee. Changes in Metabolites and Allelopathic Effects of Non-Pigmented and Black-Pigmented Lowland Indica Rice Varieties in Phosphorus Deficiency[J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(4): 434-448.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Growth responses of rice seedlings to phosphorus (P) deficiency. A-G, Shoot dry weight (A), root dry weight (B), root-to-shoot ratio (C), shoot phosphate (Pi) content (D), root Pi content (E), shoot P content (F), and root P content (G) among non-pigmented Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105) and pigmented Riceberry (RB) and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) varieties under high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Rice seedlings of non-pigmented KDML105 and pigmented RB and JHN varieties were hydroponically grown in HP and LP conditions for two weeks. The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the HP and LP conditions by the Student’s t-test.

Fig. 2. Biochemical responses of rice seedlings to phosphorus (P) deficiency. A, Dark green and purple leaf sheaths were observed in the P-deficient rice seedlings. B-G, Anthocyanin content in leaf sheaths (B), phenolic content in shoots (C) and roots (D), flavonoid content in shoots (E) and roots (F), and terpenoid content in shoots (G) were compared among non-pigmented Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105) and pigmented Riceberry (RB) and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) varieties under high (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Rice seedlings of non-pigmented KDML105 and pigmented RB and JHN varieties were hydroponically grown in HP and LP conditions for two weeks. The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the HP and LP conditions by the Student’s t-test.

Fig. 3. Effect of phosphorus (P) deficiency on soluble phosphate (Pi) contents and accumulation of phenolic contents in leaves, stems, and roots of rice seedlings. A and B, Contents of Pi (A) and phenolics (B) are compared in the first and second fully expanded leaves (L1 and L2, respectively), stems, and roots of rice seedlings grown under high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. KDML105, Khao Dawk Mali (non-pigmented); RB, Riceberry (pigmented); JHN, Jao Hom Nin (pigmented). The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Comparisons of means within the same P regime were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference. Comparisons of means between the HP and LP conditions were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Different capital letters for HP and lowercase letter for LP indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of means among various plant parts within treatments. Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of means between the HP and LP treatments.

Fig. 4. Effect of phosphorus (P) deficiency on aqueous extracts and their phenolic and terpenoid contents. A-C, Extract contents (A), total phenolic contents (B), and total terpenoid contents (C) from shoots and roots of rice seedlings grown in high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. KDML105, Khao Dawk Mali (non-pigmented); RB, Riceberry (pigmented); JHN, Jao Hom Nin (pigmented). The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Comparisons of means within the same plant tissue of each variety in the HP and LP treatments were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in means between the HP and LP treatments.

Fig. 5. Effect of phosphorus (P) deficiency on rice allelopathy in a lettuce germination assay. A, Lettuce seeds were germinated in shoot and root extracts of Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105), Riceberry (RB), and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice seedlings treated with high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Distilled water was used as the control. B, Germination index (GI) of lettuce seeds was determined at 3 d after germination. The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). GIs associated with extracts from the same plant tissue of each variety were compared between HP and LP conditions by the Student’s t-test. Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in means between the HP and LP conditions.

Fig. 6. Effect of phosphorus (P) deficiency on intra-specific allelopathy in rice seedlings. A, Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105), Riceberry (RB), and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice seeds were germinated in shoot and root extracts from seedlings of the same variety, grown in high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Distilled water was used as the control. B, Germination indices were determined after 2 d after germination. The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Comparisons of means within the same plant tissue between the HP and LP treatments in each variety were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of means between the HP and LP treatments.

Fig. 7. Effect of phosphorus (P) deficiency on the allelopathic potential of rice seedlings in a natural rice weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium. A, Seeds of D. aegyptium were germinated in the shoot and root extracts of Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105), Riceberry (RB), and Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice seedlings grown in high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Distilled water was used as the control. B, Germination indices were determined at 2 d after germination. The box plots represent the distribution of five biological replicates with two technical replicates (n = 10). Comparisons of means within the same plant tissue between the HP and LP treatments in each variety were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Asterisks represent significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of means between the HP and LP treatments.

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