Rice Science ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2): 166-177.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.01.006
• Research Paper • Previous Articles Next Articles
Singh Priyanka1, Pokharia Chitra2, Shah Kavita2()
Received:
2020-04-11
Accepted:
2020-08-12
Online:
2021-03-28
Published:
2021-03-28
Singh Priyanka, Pokharia Chitra, Shah Kavita. Exogenous Peroxidase Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity, Enhances Rhizobial Population and Lowers Root Knot Formation in Rice Seedlings[J]. Rice Science, 2021, 28(2): 166-177.
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Fig. 1. Effects of exogenous peroxidase from rice (POXRice) + H2O2 on growth and population of Cd-exposed Rhizobium leguminosarum.A, Growth in Rhizobium population (OD600) with increasing incubation time pre-exposed to treatment (T) with 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/L Cd. B, Rhizobia grown on yeast extract mannitol agar media in the absence (control) and presence of Cd and/or exogenous POXRice + H2O2.
Treatment | Cd | P | Fe | K | Mo | Mg | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.8 ± 0.1 a | 1 236.0 ± 7.8 a | 3 118.0 ± 10.4 c | 20 311.0 ± 35.5 b | 6.3 ± 0.2 c | 3 336.0 ± 31.0 b | 163.0 ± 4.0 b |
Cd | 2.1 ± 0.1 b | 1 271.0 ± 12.6 b | 2 019.0 ± 10.2 a | 21 037.0 ± 32.7 c | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 3 163.0 ± 15.5 a | 95.9 ± 4.2 a |
Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 b | 1 322.0 ± 12.5 c | 2 513.0 ± 14.0 b | 18 525.0 ± 167.6 a | 5.2 ± 0.1 b | 3 201.0 ± 13.0 a | 161.0 ± 11.6 b |
Table 1. Effects of Cd-stress on accumulation of Cd and essential mineral nutrients in rice with or without exogenous peroxidase from rice (POXRice) + H2O2 treatment to 30-day-old rice plants.
Treatment | Cd | P | Fe | K | Mo | Mg | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.8 ± 0.1 a | 1 236.0 ± 7.8 a | 3 118.0 ± 10.4 c | 20 311.0 ± 35.5 b | 6.3 ± 0.2 c | 3 336.0 ± 31.0 b | 163.0 ± 4.0 b |
Cd | 2.1 ± 0.1 b | 1 271.0 ± 12.6 b | 2 019.0 ± 10.2 a | 21 037.0 ± 32.7 c | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 3 163.0 ± 15.5 a | 95.9 ± 4.2 a |
Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 b | 1 322.0 ± 12.5 c | 2 513.0 ± 14.0 b | 18 525.0 ± 167.6 a | 5.2 ± 0.1 b | 3 201.0 ± 13.0 a | 161.0 ± 11.6 b |
Parameter | 15-day-old seedling | 30-day-old seedling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | ||
Fresh weight (g) | 0.22 ± 0.04 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.85 ± 0.05a | 0.88 ± 0.07 a | 0.85 ± 0.05 a | |
Dry weight (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | |
Shoot length (cm) | 14.70 ± 1.06 a | 16.00 ± 1.07 b | 15.00 ± 1.40 a | 23.00 ± 2.20 b | 20.60 ± 2.50 a | 21.30 ± 3.10 a | |
Root length (cm) | 4.00 ± 0.08 a | 4.70 ± 0.80 a | 7.00 ± 1.10 b | 8.00 ± 1.40 a | 7.80 ± 1.80 a | 7.50 ± 1.20 a | |
EL [mol/(L∙cm)] | 22.20 ± 3.02 a | 37.50 ± 5.20 b | 24.10 ± 2.70 a | 24.60 ± 3.10 a | 39.50 ± 5.30 c | 33.20 ± 4.60 b | |
CC (mg/g) | 0.27 ± 0.06 b | 0.16 ± 0.04 a | 0.22 ± 0.09 b | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.19 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | |
Cell viability (%) | 100.00 | 66.66 b | 97.00 a | 100.00 | 55.17 c | 96.00 a | |
Parameter | 75-day-old seedling | 90-day-old seedling | |||||
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | ||
Fresh weight (g) | 4.08 ± 0.33 b | 2.88 ± 0.12 a | 5.58 ± 0.64 c | 2.90 ± 0.30 a | 2.78 ± 0.20 a | 5.87 ± 0.90 c | |
Dry weight (g) | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.75 ± 0.05 b | 1.42 ± 0.04 c | 0.72 ± 0.06 a | 0.64 ± 0.04 a | 1.61 ± 0.07 b | |
Shoot length (cm) | 35.00 ± 2.90 a | 32.00 ± 4.20 a | 39.00 ± 4.20 a | 42.20 ± 6.10 b | 37.40 ± 4.10 a | 39.00 ± 5.20 a | |
Root length (cm) | 10.00 ± 2.80 b | 5.00 ± 1.10 a | 11.00 ± 2.20 b | 11.20 ± 2.70 b | 11.00 ± 2.20 b | 9.00 ± 2.10 a | |
EL [mol/(L∙cm)] | 29.70 ± 2.50 b | 42.40 ± 5.30 c | 20.10 ± 3.70 a | 38.30 ± 3.90 b | 50.10 ± 5.70 c | 33.10 ± 4.20 a | |
CC (mg/g) | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.21 ± 0.09 a | 0.26 ± 0.08 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.22 ± 0.04 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 b | |
Cell viability (%) | 100.00 | 53.60 c | 92.85 a | 100.00 | 61.53 b | 88.46 a |
Table 2. Effects of Cd-stress and simultaneous application of exogenous peroxidase from rice (POXRice) and H2O2 on growth parameters, electrolyte leakage (EL), cell viability and chlorophyll content (CC) in Cd-stressed rice plants.
Parameter | 15-day-old seedling | 30-day-old seedling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | ||
Fresh weight (g) | 0.22 ± 0.04 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.85 ± 0.05a | 0.88 ± 0.07 a | 0.85 ± 0.05 a | |
Dry weight (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | |
Shoot length (cm) | 14.70 ± 1.06 a | 16.00 ± 1.07 b | 15.00 ± 1.40 a | 23.00 ± 2.20 b | 20.60 ± 2.50 a | 21.30 ± 3.10 a | |
Root length (cm) | 4.00 ± 0.08 a | 4.70 ± 0.80 a | 7.00 ± 1.10 b | 8.00 ± 1.40 a | 7.80 ± 1.80 a | 7.50 ± 1.20 a | |
EL [mol/(L∙cm)] | 22.20 ± 3.02 a | 37.50 ± 5.20 b | 24.10 ± 2.70 a | 24.60 ± 3.10 a | 39.50 ± 5.30 c | 33.20 ± 4.60 b | |
CC (mg/g) | 0.27 ± 0.06 b | 0.16 ± 0.04 a | 0.22 ± 0.09 b | 0.28 ± 0.05 b | 0.19 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | |
Cell viability (%) | 100.00 | 66.66 b | 97.00 a | 100.00 | 55.17 c | 96.00 a | |
Parameter | 75-day-old seedling | 90-day-old seedling | |||||
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | ||
Fresh weight (g) | 4.08 ± 0.33 b | 2.88 ± 0.12 a | 5.58 ± 0.64 c | 2.90 ± 0.30 a | 2.78 ± 0.20 a | 5.87 ± 0.90 c | |
Dry weight (g) | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | 0.75 ± 0.05 b | 1.42 ± 0.04 c | 0.72 ± 0.06 a | 0.64 ± 0.04 a | 1.61 ± 0.07 b | |
Shoot length (cm) | 35.00 ± 2.90 a | 32.00 ± 4.20 a | 39.00 ± 4.20 a | 42.20 ± 6.10 b | 37.40 ± 4.10 a | 39.00 ± 5.20 a | |
Root length (cm) | 10.00 ± 2.80 b | 5.00 ± 1.10 a | 11.00 ± 2.20 b | 11.20 ± 2.70 b | 11.00 ± 2.20 b | 9.00 ± 2.10 a | |
EL [mol/(L∙cm)] | 29.70 ± 2.50 b | 42.40 ± 5.30 c | 20.10 ± 3.70 a | 38.30 ± 3.90 b | 50.10 ± 5.70 c | 33.10 ± 4.20 a | |
CC (mg/g) | 0.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.21 ± 0.09 a | 0.26 ± 0.08 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.22 ± 0.04 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 b | |
Cell viability (%) | 100.00 | 53.60 c | 92.85 a | 100.00 | 61.53 b | 88.46 a |
Parameter | Tissue | 15-day-old seedling | 30-day-old seedling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | |||
MDA content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.04 a | |
Root | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.03 b | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | ||
H2O2 content (µmol/g) | Shoot | 4.10 ± 0.04 a | 4.67 ± 0.06 b | 4.02 ± 0.03 a | 4.90 ± 0.06 a | 5.12 ± 0.08 a | 4.10 ± 0.05 a | |
Root | 3.13 ± 0.91 a | 4.12 ± 0.53 b | 3.87 ± 0.45 b | 3.30 ± 0.26 a | 4.90 ± 0.59 b | 3.80 ± 0.78 a | ||
O2·‒ content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.06 b | 0.05 ± 0.08 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | |
Root | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.02 c | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.05 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | ||
Parameter | Tissue | 75-day-old seedling | 90-day-old seedling | |||||
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | |||
MDA content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.04 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | |
Root | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 ab | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | ||
H2O2 content (µmol/g) | Shoot | 5.00 ± 0.10 b | 5.90 ± 0.30 c | 4.60 ± 0.23 a | 5.20 ± 0.30 a | 5.67 ± 0.50 a | 5.10 ± 0.60 a | |
Root | 4.40 ± 0.47 ab | 5.30 ± 0.39 b | 4.10 ± 0.94 a | 5.10 ± 0.94 a | 5.40 ± 0.67 a | 4.00 ± 0.75 a | ||
O2·‒ content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.09 ± 0.05 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 a | 0.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | |
Root | 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.05 a | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 a |
Table 3. Effects of Cd-stress and simultaneous application of exogenous peroxidase from rice (POXRice) and H2O2 on malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and oxidative (O2·?) damage levels in shoots and roots of Cd-stressed rice plants.
Parameter | Tissue | 15-day-old seedling | 30-day-old seedling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | |||
MDA content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.04 a | |
Root | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.03 b | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | ||
H2O2 content (µmol/g) | Shoot | 4.10 ± 0.04 a | 4.67 ± 0.06 b | 4.02 ± 0.03 a | 4.90 ± 0.06 a | 5.12 ± 0.08 a | 4.10 ± 0.05 a | |
Root | 3.13 ± 0.91 a | 4.12 ± 0.53 b | 3.87 ± 0.45 b | 3.30 ± 0.26 a | 4.90 ± 0.59 b | 3.80 ± 0.78 a | ||
O2·‒ content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.06 b | 0.05 ± 0.08 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.19 ± 0.03 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | |
Root | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.02 c | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.05 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | ||
Parameter | Tissue | 75-day-old seedling | 90-day-old seedling | |||||
Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | Control | Cd | Cd + POXRice + H2O2 | |||
MDA content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.04 ± 0.01 ab | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | |
Root | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 ab | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | ||
H2O2 content (µmol/g) | Shoot | 5.00 ± 0.10 b | 5.90 ± 0.30 c | 4.60 ± 0.23 a | 5.20 ± 0.30 a | 5.67 ± 0.50 a | 5.10 ± 0.60 a | |
Root | 4.40 ± 0.47 ab | 5.30 ± 0.39 b | 4.10 ± 0.94 a | 5.10 ± 0.94 a | 5.40 ± 0.67 a | 4.00 ± 0.75 a | ||
O2·‒ content (nmol/g) | Shoot | 0.09 ± 0.05 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 a | 0.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | |
Root | 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.19 ± 0.05 a | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 a |
Fig. 2. Altered antioxidant enzyme activities.Activities of catalase (CAT) (A), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) (C) in 1.00 mg/L Cd-stressed rice shoots in presence/absence of exogenous peroxidase from rice (POXRice) + H2O2 during 15?90 d of growth. Values are Mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 level.
Fig. 3. Altered nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infection in Cd-stressed rice plants.A, Life-stages of M. graminicola as seen in transverse section of a moderate- sized root knot under a compound microscope. B, Number of root-knot formation (inset graph) in control, Cd-exposure and its suppression in Cd + peroxidase from rice (POXRice) + H2O2. Yellow arrows show the locations of root knots. Values in the inset graph are Mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lower- case letters above the bars indicate significant difference among the treatments at the 0.05 level.C, Complex network of nematode- feeding fungal mycelia adhered to root knots.D, Presence of non-constriction rings in fungal mycelia indicating an increased protection to the Cd- stressed rice plants.
Fig. 4. Schematic representation showing altered biochemical parameters and nematode infection in Cd-stressed rice in presence/absence of exogenous POXRice + H2O2.
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