Rice Science ›› 2017, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (3): 123-144.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.09.00
• Orginal Article • Next Articles
Naga Bheema Lingeswara Reddy Inja, Kim Beom-Ki, Yoon In-Sun, Kim Kyung-Hwan, Kwon Taek-Ryoun(
)
Received:2016-07-25
Accepted:2016-09-23
Online:2017-05-28
Published:2017-03-03
Naga Bheema Lingeswara Reddy Inja, Kim Beom-Ki, Yoon In-Sun, Kim Kyung-Hwan, Kwon Taek-Ryoun. Salt Tolerance in Rice: Focus on Mechanisms and Approaches[J]. Rice Science, 2017, 24(3): 123-144.
Fig. 1. Rice salt tolerance mechanism-overview of important genes involved at root, shoot and leaf levels. (Tissue tolerance, osmotic exclusion and ion exclusion prevent the accumulation of toxic concentrations of Na+ and Cl-. Mechanisms include genes such as OsSOS1, which reduces Na+ content in cell compartmentation of ions in vacuoles and/or efflux of ions back to the soil etc.)
Fig. 2. Approaches for developing of salt tolerant rice plants.( Platforms such as phenomics in tandem with combination of genomics-transcriptomics-proteomics-metabolomics need to be integrated for identifying key genes/regulators which can improve salinity tolerance in rice apart from general practices like usage of better agricultural practices and soil amelioration.)
Fig. 3. Schematic flow of plant physiological studies to link between gene and phenotype.( Physiological traits related to stress tolerances are (complex multiple attributes to maintain growth of plants in the presence of abiotic stress condition. Physiological works have a significant role to bridge between gene work and phenotyping in the improvement of the tolerance in plants.))
Fig. 4. Comparision of water flux between two rice varieties, Pokkali and IR29 (Mean ± SE, n = 30).
Fig. 5. H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectrum of Oryza sativa treated with or without NaCl (45 mmol/L).( Orange line indicates the control, and green line indicates the salt treated one.NMR-based metabolomics was used to differentiate between 20 salt sensitive and 20 salt tolerant varieties. The major factor for this discrimination was due to the change of carbohydrate and aliphatic regions.)
| Salt responsive element | Important gene | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Receptor-like kinase | OsSIK1, OsSIK2, OsRPK1 | Ouyang et al, 2010; Chen et al, 2013; Zou et al, 2014 |
| Mitogen activated protein | OsEDR1, OsMAPK5, OsMAPK44, OsMAPK33, OsMKK1, OsMPK4, OsMKK6 | Kim et al, 2003; Xiong and Yang, 2003; Jeong et al, 2006; Lee et al, 2011; Kumar et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2014 |
| SNF1-related protein kinase | SAPK4, SnRK2 | Kobayashi et al, 2004; Diedhiou et al, 2008; Nam et al, 2012 |
| Transcription factor | OsABF2, OsbZIP23, OsbZIP71, OsABI5, OsMYB3R-2, OsMYB2, OsMYB91, OsNAC6, OsNAC5, OSISAP1, DST, OsTZF, OsTZF1, OsWRKY13, OsWRKY42, OsERF922, OsNAC5, OsNAC10, OsNAP, ONAC, ONAC022, OsRAB1, MYC/MYB, OsNAC/SNAC, SERF1, OsDREB1A, OsDREB1F, OsDREB2A, OrbHLH001, | Dubouzet et al, 2003; Mukhopadhyay et al, 2004; Hu et al, 2006, 2008; Dai et al, 2007; Nakashima et al, 2007; Qiu et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2008; Xiang et al, 2008; Zou et al, 2008; Huang et al, 2009; Zheng et al, 2009; Hossain et al, 2010; Jeong et al, 2010, 2013; Takasaki et al, 2010; Mallikarjuna et al, 2011; Song et al, 2011; Asano et al, 2012; Liu et al, 2012; Redillas et al, 2012; Yang A et al, 2012; Yang C et al, 2012; Jan et al, 2013; Schmidt et al, 2013; Chen X et al, 2014; Liang et al, 2014; Yoshida et al, 2014; Hong et al, 2016 |
| OrbHLH, OsNAC6, SERF1, DST, OsTZF1 | ||
| MicroRNA | Osa-miR396, Osa-miR820, Osa-miR169, Osa-miR2006, Osa-miR29, MIR393, MIR1425 | Zhao et al, 2009; Jian et al, 2010; Gao et al, 2011; Barrera-Figueroa et al, 2012; Xia et al, 2012; Sharma et al, 2015 |
| ROS-producing/scavenging enzyme | NADP-ME, katE encoding catalase, OsIM1, PDH45, SERF1, OsCatC, OsAPx2 | Cournac et al, 2002; Kong et al, 2003; Liu et al, 2007; Wutipraditkul et al, 2011; Guan et al, 2012; Schmidt et al, 2013; Nath et al, 2016 |
| SOS pathway | OsIM1, OsSOS3, OsSOS2 | Motohashi et al, 2010; Son et al, 2013 |
| Calmodulin (CaM) pathway | OsMSR2, OsCam1-1, OsCML4, OsCML5, OsCML8, OsCML11, OsCaM1, OsCaM2 | Chinpongpanich et al, 2012; Saeng-ngam et al, 2012; Xu et al, 2013 |
| Phospholipid and Ca2+ ion | OsCIPK24, OsCBL4, OsCIPK15 | Xiang et al, 2007; Yang A et al, 2012 |
| Ca-dependent protein kinase | OsCPK4, OsCPK12, OsCDPK7 | Saijo et al, 2000; Asano et al, 2012; Campo et al, 2014 |
| Kinase | SIT1 | Li et al, 2014 |
| Calcium transporter | OsACA6 | Kamrul Huda et al, 2014 |
| Nitrate transporter | OsNRT1;2 | Wang et al, 2012 |
| Helicase | OsSUV3 | Sahoo et al, 2014 |
| Na+/H+ antiporter/exchanger | OsSOS1, OsNHX1 | Bassil et al, 2012; Kumar et al, 2013; Amin et al, 2016 |
| Na+/K+ symporter | OsHKT1;4, OsHKT1;1, OsHKT2:1, OsHKT1;5, HKT2;3, SKC1 | Cotsaftis et al, 2012; Takagi et al, 2015; Mishra et al, 2016; Suzuki et al, 2016 |
| H+-ATPase | OSA3, OsVHA-a1, OSA7 | Sahu and Shaw, 2009; Krebs et al, 2010; Kumar et al, 2013; Son et al, 2013 |
| Channel protein | OsCLC1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK5, | Diedhiou and Golldack, 2006; Yang et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2015; Shen et al, 2015; Ahmad et al, 2016 |
| OsHAK21 | ||
| H+/Ca+ antiporter | OsCAX1 | Kumar et al, 2013 |
| Proline | P5CS, P5CR, SIDP361 | Karthikeyan et al, 2011; Nounjan et al, 2012; Li et al, 2016 |
| Glycine betaine | codA, CMO | Mohanty et al, 2002; Su et al, 2006 |
| Myoinositol | PINO1 | Majee et al, 2004 |
| Trehalose | OsTPS1-11, OsTPS-1 | Li et al, 2011; Zang et al, 2011 |
| Aquaporin | OsTIP1;1, HvPIP2;1 | Katsuhara et al, 2003; Hanba et al, 2004; Sakurai et al, 2005 |
| Abscisic acid | OsAP2-39, OsNCEDs1, OsNCEDs3, | Yaish et al, 2010; Shi et al, 2015; Hong et al, 2016 |
| OsNCEDs4, OsNCEDs5, OsPSY1 | ||
| Jasmonate | OsTIFY1, OsTIFY6, OsTIFY9, OsTIFY10, OsTIFY11 | Ye et al, 2009 |
| Brassinosteroid | OsGSK1(BIN2), OsBRI1, OsDWF4, OsSalT | Koh et al, 2007; Sharma et al, 2013; Zhao et al, 2013 |
Table 1 Various stress responsive elements and their corresponding genes which can lead to development of salinity tolerant rice plants.
| Salt responsive element | Important gene | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Receptor-like kinase | OsSIK1, OsSIK2, OsRPK1 | Ouyang et al, 2010; Chen et al, 2013; Zou et al, 2014 |
| Mitogen activated protein | OsEDR1, OsMAPK5, OsMAPK44, OsMAPK33, OsMKK1, OsMPK4, OsMKK6 | Kim et al, 2003; Xiong and Yang, 2003; Jeong et al, 2006; Lee et al, 2011; Kumar et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2014 |
| SNF1-related protein kinase | SAPK4, SnRK2 | Kobayashi et al, 2004; Diedhiou et al, 2008; Nam et al, 2012 |
| Transcription factor | OsABF2, OsbZIP23, OsbZIP71, OsABI5, OsMYB3R-2, OsMYB2, OsMYB91, OsNAC6, OsNAC5, OSISAP1, DST, OsTZF, OsTZF1, OsWRKY13, OsWRKY42, OsERF922, OsNAC5, OsNAC10, OsNAP, ONAC, ONAC022, OsRAB1, MYC/MYB, OsNAC/SNAC, SERF1, OsDREB1A, OsDREB1F, OsDREB2A, OrbHLH001, | Dubouzet et al, 2003; Mukhopadhyay et al, 2004; Hu et al, 2006, 2008; Dai et al, 2007; Nakashima et al, 2007; Qiu et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2008; Xiang et al, 2008; Zou et al, 2008; Huang et al, 2009; Zheng et al, 2009; Hossain et al, 2010; Jeong et al, 2010, 2013; Takasaki et al, 2010; Mallikarjuna et al, 2011; Song et al, 2011; Asano et al, 2012; Liu et al, 2012; Redillas et al, 2012; Yang A et al, 2012; Yang C et al, 2012; Jan et al, 2013; Schmidt et al, 2013; Chen X et al, 2014; Liang et al, 2014; Yoshida et al, 2014; Hong et al, 2016 |
| OrbHLH, OsNAC6, SERF1, DST, OsTZF1 | ||
| MicroRNA | Osa-miR396, Osa-miR820, Osa-miR169, Osa-miR2006, Osa-miR29, MIR393, MIR1425 | Zhao et al, 2009; Jian et al, 2010; Gao et al, 2011; Barrera-Figueroa et al, 2012; Xia et al, 2012; Sharma et al, 2015 |
| ROS-producing/scavenging enzyme | NADP-ME, katE encoding catalase, OsIM1, PDH45, SERF1, OsCatC, OsAPx2 | Cournac et al, 2002; Kong et al, 2003; Liu et al, 2007; Wutipraditkul et al, 2011; Guan et al, 2012; Schmidt et al, 2013; Nath et al, 2016 |
| SOS pathway | OsIM1, OsSOS3, OsSOS2 | Motohashi et al, 2010; Son et al, 2013 |
| Calmodulin (CaM) pathway | OsMSR2, OsCam1-1, OsCML4, OsCML5, OsCML8, OsCML11, OsCaM1, OsCaM2 | Chinpongpanich et al, 2012; Saeng-ngam et al, 2012; Xu et al, 2013 |
| Phospholipid and Ca2+ ion | OsCIPK24, OsCBL4, OsCIPK15 | Xiang et al, 2007; Yang A et al, 2012 |
| Ca-dependent protein kinase | OsCPK4, OsCPK12, OsCDPK7 | Saijo et al, 2000; Asano et al, 2012; Campo et al, 2014 |
| Kinase | SIT1 | Li et al, 2014 |
| Calcium transporter | OsACA6 | Kamrul Huda et al, 2014 |
| Nitrate transporter | OsNRT1;2 | Wang et al, 2012 |
| Helicase | OsSUV3 | Sahoo et al, 2014 |
| Na+/H+ antiporter/exchanger | OsSOS1, OsNHX1 | Bassil et al, 2012; Kumar et al, 2013; Amin et al, 2016 |
| Na+/K+ symporter | OsHKT1;4, OsHKT1;1, OsHKT2:1, OsHKT1;5, HKT2;3, SKC1 | Cotsaftis et al, 2012; Takagi et al, 2015; Mishra et al, 2016; Suzuki et al, 2016 |
| H+-ATPase | OSA3, OsVHA-a1, OSA7 | Sahu and Shaw, 2009; Krebs et al, 2010; Kumar et al, 2013; Son et al, 2013 |
| Channel protein | OsCLC1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK5, | Diedhiou and Golldack, 2006; Yang et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2015; Shen et al, 2015; Ahmad et al, 2016 |
| OsHAK21 | ||
| H+/Ca+ antiporter | OsCAX1 | Kumar et al, 2013 |
| Proline | P5CS, P5CR, SIDP361 | Karthikeyan et al, 2011; Nounjan et al, 2012; Li et al, 2016 |
| Glycine betaine | codA, CMO | Mohanty et al, 2002; Su et al, 2006 |
| Myoinositol | PINO1 | Majee et al, 2004 |
| Trehalose | OsTPS1-11, OsTPS-1 | Li et al, 2011; Zang et al, 2011 |
| Aquaporin | OsTIP1;1, HvPIP2;1 | Katsuhara et al, 2003; Hanba et al, 2004; Sakurai et al, 2005 |
| Abscisic acid | OsAP2-39, OsNCEDs1, OsNCEDs3, | Yaish et al, 2010; Shi et al, 2015; Hong et al, 2016 |
| OsNCEDs4, OsNCEDs5, OsPSY1 | ||
| Jasmonate | OsTIFY1, OsTIFY6, OsTIFY9, OsTIFY10, OsTIFY11 | Ye et al, 2009 |
| Brassinosteroid | OsGSK1(BIN2), OsBRI1, OsDWF4, OsSalT | Koh et al, 2007; Sharma et al, 2013; Zhao et al, 2013 |
Fig. 6. Comparison of OsCIPK induced plants to control under salt stress.( Salt response was compared between null, overexpressed (OX), knockout (KO) and control/salt free (Pokkali) lines. OsCIPK could achieve higher biomass and less Na+ through enhanced Na+ exclusion via Na+/H+ antiporter.)
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| 218 | (Managing Editor: Li Guan) |
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