Arsenic Stress Responses and Tolerance in Rice: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2018.06.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Arsenic (As), a potentially toxic metalloid released in the soil environment as a result of natural as well as anthropogenic processes, is subsequently taken up by crop plants. In rice grains, As has been reported in Asia, North America and Europe, suggesting a future threat to food security and crop production. As³⁺ by dint of its availability, mobility and phytotoxicity, is the most harmful species of As for the rice crop. Specific transporters mediate the transport of different species of As from roots to the aboveground parts of the plant body. Accumulation of As leads to toxic reactions in plants, affecting its growth and productivity. Increase in As uptake leads to oxidative stress and production of antioxidants to counteract this stress. Cultivars tolerant to As stress are efficient in antioxidant metabolism compared to sensitive ones. Iron and selenium are found to have ameliorating effect on the oxidative stress caused by As. Microbes, even many indigenous ones, in the plant rhizosphere are also capable of utilizing As in their metabolism, both independently and in association. Some of these microbes impart tolerance to As-stress in plants grown in As contaminated sites.

Key words: arsenic, rice, phytotoxicity, hyperaccumulator, phytochelatin, antioxidant, mitigation

Kalita Jyotirmay, Kumar Pradhan Amit, Moni Shandilya Zina, Tanti Bhaben. Arsenic Stress Responses and Tolerance in Rice: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches[J]. Rice Science, 2018, 25(5): 235-249.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. Areas showing arsenic contaminated groundwater and rice fields.Courtesy-British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/arsenic/).

Table 1 Arsenic (As) found in sampled rice.

Country	Total As (μg/g)	Inorganic As (μg/g)	Reference
China^a	0.19-0.76	0.11-0.51	Williams et al, 2006
Thailand	0.11 ± 0.01	0.08	Williams et al, 2006
Thailand	0.127-0.175	0.066-0.114	Torres-Escribano et al, 2008
Canada	0.02-0.11	0.01-0.08	Williams et al, 2006
France ^a	0.183	0.113	Torres-Escribano et al, 2008
Italy^a	0.146-0.273	0.114-0.176	Torres-Escribano et al, 2008
Spain^a	0.098-0.406	0.062-0.253	Torres-Escribano et al, 2008
Sweden^a	0.20	0.11	Jorhem et al, 2007

Fig. 2. Transport of arsenic (As) from roots to different parts of rice plants by means of various transporters.DMA, Dimethyl arsenate; MMA, Monomethyl arsenate.

Fig. 3. Roles of antioxidants SOD, CAT, APX, GSH and GR in plants response to arsenic stress induced reactive oxygen species formation.As, Arsenic; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; CAT, Catalase; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase; GSH, Glutathione; GR, Glutathione reductase; GSSG, Glutathione disulphide; MDA, Malondialdehyde; DHA, Dehydroascorbate; DHAR, Dehydroascorbate reductase; HAC1, High As content 1.

Fig. 4. Aspects of arsenic (As) stress in rice, and possible ways to deal with the problem.

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