Rice Science ›› 2019, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6): 404-415.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2018.12.008
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Danying Wang1,#, Chang Ye1,#, Chunmei Xu1, Zaiman Wang2, Song Chen1, Guang Chu1, Xiufu Zhang1()
Received:
2018-07-28
Accepted:
2018-12-26
Online:
2019-11-28
Published:
2019-08-19
Contact:
Danying Wang, Chang Ye
About author:
These authors contributed equally to this work
Danying Wang, Chang Ye, Chunmei Xu, Zaiman Wang, Song Chen, Guang Chu, Xiufu Zhang. Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Plant Nitrogen Utilization in Direct-Seeded Rice in Response to Deep Placement of Basal Fertilizer-Nitrogen[J]. Rice Science, 2019, 26(6): 404-415.
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Fig. 1. Distribution of total nitrogen (N) within soil profiles, as affected by deep placement of N as a basal fertilizer in 2014.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Fig. 2. Nitrogen (N) concentration in different plant parts at different growth stages.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Fig. 3. Dry matter accumulation at maturity in 2013 and 2014.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Fig. 4. Dry matter accumulations during different growth stages in 2013 and 2014.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Fig. 5. Nitrogen (N) accumulation in aboveground plant parts at different growth stages.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Year | N rate | N treatment | Panicle number per square meter | Spikelet number per panicle | Seed-setting rate (%) | Grain weight (mg) | Yield (kg/hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | N1 | B50 | 200.8 ± 5.4 b | 219.0 ± 14.2 a | 74.0 ± 1.4 b | 22.6 ± 0.6 a | 8 434.0 ± 74.2 a |
D50 | 206.3 ± 3.6 b | 216.2 ± 12.3 a | 74.9 ± 0.5 b | 22.4 ± 0.3 a | 8 584.3 ± 165.3 a | ||
D100 | 229.4 ± 7.9 a | 162.2 ± 9.5 b | 76.3 ± 0.5 a | 22.9 ± 0.5 a | 7 457.3 ± 120.3 b | ||
N2 | B50 | 205.9 ± 6.3 b | 225.9 ± 10.5 a | 70.2 ± 0.9 c | 21.7 ± 0.2 b | 8 670.4 ± 201.4 a | |
D50 | 220.8 ± 10.7 b | 215.1 ± 11.2 a | 73.8 ± 1.4 b | 21.6 ± 0.3 b | 8 711.6 ± 158.6 a | ||
D100 | 245.1 ± 6.8 a | 155.3 ± 13.4 b | 77.5 ± 1.0 a | 22.7 ± 0.4 a | 7 651.3 ± 141.7 b | ||
Analysis of variance | |||||||
N rate | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ||
N treatment | * | * | * | * | * | ||
N rate × N treatment | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
2014 | N1 | B50 | 197.6 ± 3.6 b | 196.8 ± 6.5 a | 86.4 ± 0.6 b | 23.5 ± 0.2 a | 8 929.3 ± 125.6 a |
D50 | 201.8 ± 6.4 b | 202.0 ± 5.3 a | 86.8 ± 1.2 ab | 23.5 ± 0.5 a | 9 174.2 ± 63.2 a | ||
D70 | 196.1 ± 2.6 b | 197.8 ± 4.9 a | 85.7 ± 0.5 b | 23.4 ± 0.4 a | 9 012.5 ± 152.4 a | ||
D100 | 215.1 ± 4.2 a | 171.1 ± 7.2 b | 88.6 ± 0.8 a | 23.6 ± 0.2 a | 7 703.7 ± 82.4 b | ||
N2 | B50 | 204.1 ± 5.9 b | 210.2 ± 8.5 b | 80.1 ± 1.0 b | 23.7 ± 0.3 a | 9 162.6 ± 142.3 a | |
D50 | 207.8 ± 6.4 b | 214.1 ± 7.2 b | 82.1 ± 0.9 b | 24.2 ± 0.4 a | 9 330.2 ± 95.2 a | ||
D70 | 204.9 ± 5.3 b | 212.5 ± 6.5 b | 80.7 ± 0.6 b | 23.7 ± 0.5 a | 9 231.3 ± 110.3 a | ||
D100 | 227.2 ± 4.6 a | 179.2 ± 9.3 a | 89.5 ± 1.2 a | 23.8 ± 0.3 a | 8 714.9 ± 146.8 b | ||
Analysis of variance | |||||||
N rate | * | * | * | ns | * | ||
N treatment | * | * | * | ns | * | ||
N rate × N treatment | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Table 1 Grain yield and yield components of rice grown under different nitrogen (N) application methods in 2013 and 2014.
Year | N rate | N treatment | Panicle number per square meter | Spikelet number per panicle | Seed-setting rate (%) | Grain weight (mg) | Yield (kg/hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | N1 | B50 | 200.8 ± 5.4 b | 219.0 ± 14.2 a | 74.0 ± 1.4 b | 22.6 ± 0.6 a | 8 434.0 ± 74.2 a |
D50 | 206.3 ± 3.6 b | 216.2 ± 12.3 a | 74.9 ± 0.5 b | 22.4 ± 0.3 a | 8 584.3 ± 165.3 a | ||
D100 | 229.4 ± 7.9 a | 162.2 ± 9.5 b | 76.3 ± 0.5 a | 22.9 ± 0.5 a | 7 457.3 ± 120.3 b | ||
N2 | B50 | 205.9 ± 6.3 b | 225.9 ± 10.5 a | 70.2 ± 0.9 c | 21.7 ± 0.2 b | 8 670.4 ± 201.4 a | |
D50 | 220.8 ± 10.7 b | 215.1 ± 11.2 a | 73.8 ± 1.4 b | 21.6 ± 0.3 b | 8 711.6 ± 158.6 a | ||
D100 | 245.1 ± 6.8 a | 155.3 ± 13.4 b | 77.5 ± 1.0 a | 22.7 ± 0.4 a | 7 651.3 ± 141.7 b | ||
Analysis of variance | |||||||
N rate | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ||
N treatment | * | * | * | * | * | ||
N rate × N treatment | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
2014 | N1 | B50 | 197.6 ± 3.6 b | 196.8 ± 6.5 a | 86.4 ± 0.6 b | 23.5 ± 0.2 a | 8 929.3 ± 125.6 a |
D50 | 201.8 ± 6.4 b | 202.0 ± 5.3 a | 86.8 ± 1.2 ab | 23.5 ± 0.5 a | 9 174.2 ± 63.2 a | ||
D70 | 196.1 ± 2.6 b | 197.8 ± 4.9 a | 85.7 ± 0.5 b | 23.4 ± 0.4 a | 9 012.5 ± 152.4 a | ||
D100 | 215.1 ± 4.2 a | 171.1 ± 7.2 b | 88.6 ± 0.8 a | 23.6 ± 0.2 a | 7 703.7 ± 82.4 b | ||
N2 | B50 | 204.1 ± 5.9 b | 210.2 ± 8.5 b | 80.1 ± 1.0 b | 23.7 ± 0.3 a | 9 162.6 ± 142.3 a | |
D50 | 207.8 ± 6.4 b | 214.1 ± 7.2 b | 82.1 ± 0.9 b | 24.2 ± 0.4 a | 9 330.2 ± 95.2 a | ||
D70 | 204.9 ± 5.3 b | 212.5 ± 6.5 b | 80.7 ± 0.6 b | 23.7 ± 0.5 a | 9 231.3 ± 110.3 a | ||
D100 | 227.2 ± 4.6 a | 179.2 ± 9.3 a | 89.5 ± 1.2 a | 23.8 ± 0.3 a | 8 714.9 ± 146.8 b | ||
Analysis of variance | |||||||
N rate | * | * | * | ns | * | ||
N treatment | * | * | * | ns | * | ||
N rate × N treatment | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Fig. 6. Nitrogen (N) agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N recovery efficiency (NRE) in 2013 and 2014.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D50, 50% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; D100, 100% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer; N1, 120 kg/hm2 N; N2, 195 kg/hm2 N.Bars show standard deviation (n = 5) and different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
Fig. 7. Grain yield of two high-yielding hybrid rice varieties in response to different nitrogen (N) application methods in 2015.B50, 50% fertilizer-N was broadcast before seeding as basal fertilizer; D70, 70% fertilizer-N was deeply placed as basal fertilizer.Bars are SD (n = 5) and the same lowercase letters above the bars indicate no significant differences among different N application methods (P < 0.05).
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