Rice Science ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 89-100.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.12.008
• Research Paper • Previous Articles
Li Lin1,2, Zhang Zheng1,2, Tian Hua1,2, Umair Ashraf1,3, Yousef Alhaj Hamoud4, Al Aasmi Alaa5, Tang Xiangru1,2, Duan Meiyang1,2, Wang Zaiman6, Pan Shenggang1,2(
)
Received:2020-11-09
Accepted:2021-02-25
Online:2022-01-28
Published:2022-01-01
Contact:
Pan Shenggang
Li Lin, Zhang Zheng, Tian Hua, Umair Ashraf, Yousef Alhaj Hamoud, Al Aasmi Alaa, Tang Xiangru, Duan Meiyang, Wang Zaiman, Pan Shenggang. Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits, Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(1): 89-100.
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| Treatment | Chlorophyll content (mg/g) | Pn [μmol/(m2·s)] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MTS | PIS | HS | |||
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 4.04 e | 3.79 c | 3.19 c | 17.80 d | |
| MDS | 6.17 a | 4.41 a | 4.47 a | 24.51 b | |
| MBS | 4.97 c | 4.03 b | 3.78 b | 21.28 c | |
| MD | 5.69 b | 4.41 a | 4.40 a | 26.95 a | |
| MB | 4.54 d | 4.37 a | 3.85 b | 20.16 c | |
| Mean | 5.08 | 4.21 | 3.94 | 22.14 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 3.92 e | 4.22 c | 3.09 e | 16.50 c | |
| MDS | 6.24 a | 4.67 a | 4.33 a | 23.18 a | |
| MBS | 5.10 c | 4.38 bc | 3.88 c | 19.25 b | |
| MD | 5.99 b | 4.53 ab | 4.10 b | 22.93 a | |
| MB | 4.21 d | 4.28 c | 3.34 d | 18.35 b | |
| Mean | 5.09 | 4.42 | 3.75 | 20.04 | |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 3.36 c | 3.12 d | 3.15 c | 18.11 c | |
| MDS | 5.64 a | 4.28 b | 4.15 a | 22.86 a | |
| MBS | 4.33 b | 4.09 bc | 3.99 a | 20.98 b | |
| MD | 5.43 a | 4.81 a | 4.11 a | 23.63 a | |
| MB | 4.13 b | 4.02 c | 3.65 b | 20.02 b | |
| Mean | 4.58 | 4.06 | 3.81 | 21.92 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 3.49 c | 3.54 c | 3.08 c | 17.72 c | |
| MDS | 5.38 a | 4.42 ab | 4.38 a | 25.20 a | |
| MBS | 5.15 a | 3.61 c | 3.84 b | 22.13 b | |
| MD | 5.56 a | 4.46 a | 4.15 a | 23.88 ab | |
| MB | 4.19 b | 4.03 b | 3.36 c | 19.33 c | |
| Mean | 4.75 | 4.01 | 3.76 | 22.64 | |
| Year (Y) | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
| Cultivar (C) | ns | ** | * | ns | |
| Y × C | ns | ** | ns | ns | |
Table 1. Effects of deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on total chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of rice in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020.
| Treatment | Chlorophyll content (mg/g) | Pn [μmol/(m2·s)] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MTS | PIS | HS | |||
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 4.04 e | 3.79 c | 3.19 c | 17.80 d | |
| MDS | 6.17 a | 4.41 a | 4.47 a | 24.51 b | |
| MBS | 4.97 c | 4.03 b | 3.78 b | 21.28 c | |
| MD | 5.69 b | 4.41 a | 4.40 a | 26.95 a | |
| MB | 4.54 d | 4.37 a | 3.85 b | 20.16 c | |
| Mean | 5.08 | 4.21 | 3.94 | 22.14 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 3.92 e | 4.22 c | 3.09 e | 16.50 c | |
| MDS | 6.24 a | 4.67 a | 4.33 a | 23.18 a | |
| MBS | 5.10 c | 4.38 bc | 3.88 c | 19.25 b | |
| MD | 5.99 b | 4.53 ab | 4.10 b | 22.93 a | |
| MB | 4.21 d | 4.28 c | 3.34 d | 18.35 b | |
| Mean | 5.09 | 4.42 | 3.75 | 20.04 | |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 3.36 c | 3.12 d | 3.15 c | 18.11 c | |
| MDS | 5.64 a | 4.28 b | 4.15 a | 22.86 a | |
| MBS | 4.33 b | 4.09 bc | 3.99 a | 20.98 b | |
| MD | 5.43 a | 4.81 a | 4.11 a | 23.63 a | |
| MB | 4.13 b | 4.02 c | 3.65 b | 20.02 b | |
| Mean | 4.58 | 4.06 | 3.81 | 21.92 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 3.49 c | 3.54 c | 3.08 c | 17.72 c | |
| MDS | 5.38 a | 4.42 ab | 4.38 a | 25.20 a | |
| MBS | 5.15 a | 3.61 c | 3.84 b | 22.13 b | |
| MD | 5.56 a | 4.46 a | 4.15 a | 23.88 ab | |
| MB | 4.19 b | 4.03 b | 3.36 c | 19.33 c | |
| Mean | 4.75 | 4.01 | 3.76 | 22.64 | |
| Year (Y) | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
| Cultivar (C) | ns | ** | * | ns | |
| Y × C | ns | ** | ns | ns | |
Fig. 1. Effects of deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on nitrate reductase (NR) activity in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020. CK, No fertilizer and no straw return; MDS, Deep N fertilization and straw return; MBS, Broadcasting fertilizer and straw return; MD, Deep N fertilization without straw return; MB, Broadcasting fertilizer without straw return; MTS, Mid-tillering stage; PIS, Panicle initiation stage; HS, Heading stage. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3). The same lowercase letters above bars at each stage are not significantly different at the 0.05 level according to the least significant different test.
Fig. 2. Effects of deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020. CK, No fertilizer and no straw return; MDS, Deep N fertilization and straw return; MBS, Broadcasting fertilizer and straw return; MD, Deep N fertilization without straw return; MB, Broadcasting fertilizer without straw return; MTS, Mid-tillering stage; PIS, Panicle initiation stage; HS, Heading stage. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3). The same lowercase letters above bars at each stage are not significantly different at the 0.05 level according to the least significant different test.
| Treatment | No. of productive panicles per m2 | No. of spikelets per panicle | Grain filling rate (%) | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (t/hm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | ||||||
| CK | 160.0 c | 158.9 b | 84.1 ab | 20.71 b | 4.66 c | |
| MDS | 259.2 a | 208.9 a | 87.5 a | 21.69 a | 7.98 ab | |
| MBS | 205.7 bc | 175.0 b | 81.9 b | 20.45 b | 6.24 bc | |
| MD | 267.0 a | 207.3 a | 86.2 a | 21.38 a | 8.22 a | |
| MB | 209.5 b | 162.7 b | 80.3 b | 20.15 b | 5.74 c | |
| Mean | 220.3 | 182.6 | 84.4 | 20.88 | 6.57 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | ||||||
| CK | 152.2 c | 147.6 b | 71.1 c | 19.59 a | 3.04 c | |
| MDS | 276.0 a | 189.3 a | 86.5 a | 20.95 a | 8.54 a | |
| MBS | 212.5 bc | 173.1 ab | 83.9 ab | 20.97 a | 5.86 b | |
| MD | 256.7 ab | 181.4 ab | 82.2 abc | 20.31 a | 8.10 a | |
| MB | 176.0 c | 153.3 b | 75.1 bc | 20.73 a | 4.51 bc | |
| Mean | 214.7 | 169.0 | 80.5 | 19.31 | 6.01 | |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | ||||||
| CK | 155.7 c | 141.6 c | 83.7 ab | 20.74 b | 4.79 c | |
| MDS | 273.0 a | 182.5 a | 87.7 a | 21.22 a | 8.81 a | |
| MBS | 219.5 b | 172.3 ab | 78.9 b | 20.35 b | 6.38 b | |
| MD | 263.7 a | 174.5 ab | 84.4 a | 21.24 a | 8.50 a | |
| MB | 197.7 b | 145.6 bc | 79.0 b | 20.39 b | 6.11 b | |
| Mean | 221.9 | 163.3 | 82.7 | 20.78 | 6.92 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | ||||||
| CK | 142.0 c | 139.3 b | 74.3 ab | 19.43 a | 4.09 b | |
| MDS | 232.0 ab | 177.1 ab | 80.5 ab | 21.02 a | 8.01 a | |
| MBS | 210.2 b | 163.0 ab | 70.3 b | 20.05 a | 5.55 b | |
| MD | 254.5 a | 187.3 a | 84.5 a | 20.81 a | 7.92 a | |
| MB | 167.7 c | 146.3 b | 77.7 ab | 20.34 a | 5.10 b | |
| Mean | 201.3 | 162.6 | 77.5 | 20.33 | 6.14 | |
| Year (Y) | ns | ** | * | ** | ns | |
| Cultivar (C) | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | |
| Y × C | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | |
Table 2. Effects of deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on grain yield and related traits in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020.
| Treatment | No. of productive panicles per m2 | No. of spikelets per panicle | Grain filling rate (%) | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (t/hm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | ||||||
| CK | 160.0 c | 158.9 b | 84.1 ab | 20.71 b | 4.66 c | |
| MDS | 259.2 a | 208.9 a | 87.5 a | 21.69 a | 7.98 ab | |
| MBS | 205.7 bc | 175.0 b | 81.9 b | 20.45 b | 6.24 bc | |
| MD | 267.0 a | 207.3 a | 86.2 a | 21.38 a | 8.22 a | |
| MB | 209.5 b | 162.7 b | 80.3 b | 20.15 b | 5.74 c | |
| Mean | 220.3 | 182.6 | 84.4 | 20.88 | 6.57 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | ||||||
| CK | 152.2 c | 147.6 b | 71.1 c | 19.59 a | 3.04 c | |
| MDS | 276.0 a | 189.3 a | 86.5 a | 20.95 a | 8.54 a | |
| MBS | 212.5 bc | 173.1 ab | 83.9 ab | 20.97 a | 5.86 b | |
| MD | 256.7 ab | 181.4 ab | 82.2 abc | 20.31 a | 8.10 a | |
| MB | 176.0 c | 153.3 b | 75.1 bc | 20.73 a | 4.51 bc | |
| Mean | 214.7 | 169.0 | 80.5 | 19.31 | 6.01 | |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | ||||||
| CK | 155.7 c | 141.6 c | 83.7 ab | 20.74 b | 4.79 c | |
| MDS | 273.0 a | 182.5 a | 87.7 a | 21.22 a | 8.81 a | |
| MBS | 219.5 b | 172.3 ab | 78.9 b | 20.35 b | 6.38 b | |
| MD | 263.7 a | 174.5 ab | 84.4 a | 21.24 a | 8.50 a | |
| MB | 197.7 b | 145.6 bc | 79.0 b | 20.39 b | 6.11 b | |
| Mean | 221.9 | 163.3 | 82.7 | 20.78 | 6.92 | |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | ||||||
| CK | 142.0 c | 139.3 b | 74.3 ab | 19.43 a | 4.09 b | |
| MDS | 232.0 ab | 177.1 ab | 80.5 ab | 21.02 a | 8.01 a | |
| MBS | 210.2 b | 163.0 ab | 70.3 b | 20.05 a | 5.55 b | |
| MD | 254.5 a | 187.3 a | 84.5 a | 20.81 a | 7.92 a | |
| MB | 167.7 c | 146.3 b | 77.7 ab | 20.34 a | 5.10 b | |
| Mean | 201.3 | 162.6 | 77.5 | 20.33 | 6.14 | |
| Year (Y) | ns | ** | * | ** | ns | |
| Cultivar (C) | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | |
| Y × C | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | |
Fig. 3. Effects of mechanized deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on total above-ground biomass (TAB) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020. CK, No fertilizer and no straw return; MDS, Deep N fertilization and straw return; MBS, Broadcasting fertilizer and straw return; MD, Deep N fertilization without straw return; MB, Broadcasting fertilizer without straw return; MTS, Mid-tillering stage; PIS, Panicle initiation stage; HS, Heading stage; MS, Maturity stage. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3). The same lowercase letters above bars at each stage are not significantly different at the 0.05 level according to the least significant different test.
Fig. 4. Effects of mechanized deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on leaf area index in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020. CK, No fertilizer and no straw return; MDS, Deep N fertilization and straw return; MBS, Broadcasting fertilizer and straw return; MD, Deep N fertilization without straw return; MB, Broadcasting fertilizer without straw return; MTS, Mid-tillering stage; PIS, Panicle initiation stage; HS, Heading stage. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3). The same lowercase letters above bars at each stage are not significantly different at the 0.05 level according to the least significant different test.
| Treatment | TNA (kg/hm2) | NPFP (kg/kg) | NHI | NRE (%) | NAE (kg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 111.49 c | 28.32 c | 0.59 a | - | - |
| MDS | 182.56 a | 66.45 a | 0.61 a | 46.05 a | 28.12 a |
| MBS | 146.97 b | 44.33 b | 0.59 a | 20.65 b | 14.01 b |
| MD | 167.38 a | 68.33 a | 0.52 ab | 38.93 a | 22.01 ab |
| MB | 119.88 c | 36.43 bc | 0.47 b | 16.59 c | 12.11 b |
| Mean | 145.66 | 48.77 | 0.56 | 30.05 | 19.06 |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 96.65 c | 28.21 b | 0.47 b | - | - |
| MDS | 171.88 a | 57.50 a | 0.56 a | 47.48 a | 19.29 a |
| MBS | 117.92 c | 38.52 b | 0.53 ab | 18.18 b | 12.29 ab |
| MD | 160.80 a | 52.73 a | 0.50 ab | 40.76 a | 16.52 a |
| MB | 121.14 b | 31.76 b | 0.55 a | 20.32 b | 8.54 b |
| Mean | 133.68 | 41.74 | 0.52 | 31.68 | 14.16 |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 110.92 d | 31.96 c | 0.56 ab | - | - |
| MDS | 179.33 a | 58.73 a | 0.61 a | 45.60 a | 20.78 a |
| MBS | 155.21 b | 42.53 b | 0.57 ab | 28.72 b | 10.57 b |
| MD | 174.29 a | 56.70 a | 0.53 bc | 42.25 a | 18.74 a |
| MB | 131.98 c | 40.73 b | 0.49 c | 18.04 c | 8.77 b |
| Mean | 150.30 | 46.13 | 0.55 | 33.65 | 14.71 |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 104.04 c | 27.27 c | 0.49 b | - | - |
| MDS | 172.68 a | 50.72 a | 0.57 a | 41.76 a | 20.45 a |
| MBS | 133.02 b | 36.98 b | 0.52 b | 19.32 b | 9.71 b |
| MD | 177.40 a | 51.23 a | 0.53 ab | 44.91 a | 20.96 a |
| MB | 129.01 b | 33.65 b | 0.53 ab | 16.64 b | 9.38 b |
| Mean | 143.23 | 39.97 | 0.53 | 30.66 | 15.13 |
| Year (Y) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cultivar (C) | * | ** | ns | ns | * |
| Y × C | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Table 3. Effects of deep nitrogen fertilization coupled with straw return on nitrogen use efficiency in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice in 2019 and 2020.
| Treatment | TNA (kg/hm2) | NPFP (kg/kg) | NHI | NRE (%) | NAE (kg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wufengyou 615 in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 111.49 c | 28.32 c | 0.59 a | - | - |
| MDS | 182.56 a | 66.45 a | 0.61 a | 46.05 a | 28.12 a |
| MBS | 146.97 b | 44.33 b | 0.59 a | 20.65 b | 14.01 b |
| MD | 167.38 a | 68.33 a | 0.52 ab | 38.93 a | 22.01 ab |
| MB | 119.88 c | 36.43 bc | 0.47 b | 16.59 c | 12.11 b |
| Mean | 145.66 | 48.77 | 0.56 | 30.05 | 19.06 |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2019 | |||||
| CK | 96.65 c | 28.21 b | 0.47 b | - | - |
| MDS | 171.88 a | 57.50 a | 0.56 a | 47.48 a | 19.29 a |
| MBS | 117.92 c | 38.52 b | 0.53 ab | 18.18 b | 12.29 ab |
| MD | 160.80 a | 52.73 a | 0.50 ab | 40.76 a | 16.52 a |
| MB | 121.14 b | 31.76 b | 0.55 a | 20.32 b | 8.54 b |
| Mean | 133.68 | 41.74 | 0.52 | 31.68 | 14.16 |
| Wufengyou 615 in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 110.92 d | 31.96 c | 0.56 ab | - | - |
| MDS | 179.33 a | 58.73 a | 0.61 a | 45.60 a | 20.78 a |
| MBS | 155.21 b | 42.53 b | 0.57 ab | 28.72 b | 10.57 b |
| MD | 174.29 a | 56.70 a | 0.53 bc | 42.25 a | 18.74 a |
| MB | 131.98 c | 40.73 b | 0.49 c | 18.04 c | 8.77 b |
| Mean | 150.30 | 46.13 | 0.55 | 33.65 | 14.71 |
| Yuxiangyouzhan in 2020 | |||||
| CK | 104.04 c | 27.27 c | 0.49 b | - | - |
| MDS | 172.68 a | 50.72 a | 0.57 a | 41.76 a | 20.45 a |
| MBS | 133.02 b | 36.98 b | 0.52 b | 19.32 b | 9.71 b |
| MD | 177.40 a | 51.23 a | 0.53 ab | 44.91 a | 20.96 a |
| MB | 129.01 b | 33.65 b | 0.53 ab | 16.64 b | 9.38 b |
| Mean | 143.23 | 39.97 | 0.53 | 30.66 | 15.13 |
| Year (Y) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Cultivar (C) | * | ** | ns | ns | * |
| Y × C | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Trait | Yield | TAB | LAI | Chl | Pn | NR | GS | TNA | NRE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAB | 0.81** | ||||||||
| LAI | 0.68** | 0.74** | |||||||
| Chl | 0.63** | 0.71** | 0.59** | ||||||
| Pn | 0.60** | 0.73** | 0.53** | 0.80** | |||||
| NR | 0.55* | 0.44* | 0.34 | 0.48* | 0.40 | ||||
| GS | 0.51* | 0.31 | 0.48* | 0.29 | 0.44* | 0.39 | |||
| TNA | 0.72** | 0.82** | 0.64** | 0.74** | 0.77** | 0.45* | 0.44* | ||
| NRE | 0.67** | 0.77** | 0.67** | 0.72** | 0.77** | 0.56* | 0.69** | 0.90** | |
| NAE | 0.71** | 0.74** | 0.49* | 0.67** | 0.70** | 0.53* | 0.55* | 0.83** | 0.77** |
Table 4. Correlation coefficients between grain yield and physiological traits for both rice cultivars in two years (means across years and cultivars).
| Trait | Yield | TAB | LAI | Chl | Pn | NR | GS | TNA | NRE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAB | 0.81** | ||||||||
| LAI | 0.68** | 0.74** | |||||||
| Chl | 0.63** | 0.71** | 0.59** | ||||||
| Pn | 0.60** | 0.73** | 0.53** | 0.80** | |||||
| NR | 0.55* | 0.44* | 0.34 | 0.48* | 0.40 | ||||
| GS | 0.51* | 0.31 | 0.48* | 0.29 | 0.44* | 0.39 | |||
| TNA | 0.72** | 0.82** | 0.64** | 0.74** | 0.77** | 0.45* | 0.44* | ||
| NRE | 0.67** | 0.77** | 0.67** | 0.72** | 0.77** | 0.56* | 0.69** | 0.90** | |
| NAE | 0.71** | 0.74** | 0.49* | 0.67** | 0.70** | 0.53* | 0.55* | 0.83** | 0.77** |
| Item | Content |
|---|---|
| Soil property | Sandy loam |
| Soil pH | 6.82 |
| Soil organic carbon (g/kg) | 22.39 |
| Available nitrogen (mg/kg) | 22.56 |
| Available phosphorus (mg/kg) | 77.32 |
| Exchangeable potassium (mg/kg) | 134.56 |
| Total nitrogen (g/kg) | 1.26 |
| Total phosphorus (g/kg) | 1.13 |
| Total potassium (g/kg) | 21.56 |
Table 5. Basic soil physical and chemical properties of initial soils.
| Item | Content |
|---|---|
| Soil property | Sandy loam |
| Soil pH | 6.82 |
| Soil organic carbon (g/kg) | 22.39 |
| Available nitrogen (mg/kg) | 22.56 |
| Available phosphorus (mg/kg) | 77.32 |
| Exchangeable potassium (mg/kg) | 134.56 |
| Total nitrogen (g/kg) | 1.26 |
| Total phosphorus (g/kg) | 1.13 |
| Total potassium (g/kg) | 21.56 |
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