Contribution and Prospect of Erect Panicle Type to japonica Super Rice

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Over the past 30 years, super rice played an important role in boosting rice yield. The phenotype of erect panicle (EP) architecture controlled by dense and erect panicle 1 (dep1) is the typical characteristic of super rice, and the phenotype has been used in rice breeding for nearly a century. In this review, the molecular genetic basis of EP phenotype, and mechanism of how dep1 affects rice carbon, nitrogen metabolism and grain quality (grain shape and taste quality) were discussed. In addition, we discussed the possible improvement strategies of rice yield and quality. This review provides a quick overview of the whole process for rice quality formation, as well as suggestions and ideas for future research on rice quality improvement.

Key words: dep1, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, metabolic balance, rice quality, erect panicle, super rice

Sibo Chen, Liang Tang, Jian Sun, Quan Xu, Zhengjin Xu, Wenfu Chen. Contribution and Prospect of Erect Panicle Type to japonica Super Rice[J]. Rice Science, 2021, 28(5): 431-441.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of rice carbon and nitrogen cycles.AMT, Ammonium transporter; AS, Asparagine synthetase; Asn, Asparagine; Asp, Aspartate; Gln, Glutamine; Glu, Glutamate; GOGAT, Glutamine- 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase; GS, Glutamine synthetase; NADH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAR, Partner protein for nitrate transport; NiR, Nitrite reductase; NPF, Nitrate peptide transporter; NR, Nitrate reductase; NRT, Nitrate transporter; PEPC, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Rubisco, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Yellow lines are for amino acid transport, blue lines for ammonium transport, red lines for nitrate transport, green lines for sugar transport, and black lines have no special meaning.

Fig. 2. Processing of starch and protein biosynthesis in rice endosperm and regulatory role played by dep1.A, dep1 down-regulates the expression of OsGBSSI, OsSSIIa and OsBEIIb genes, thereby affecting the starch component and content. B, Activity of GS1;1 increases the content of amino acid/amide in endosperm cells and provides more substrates for protein synthesis and thus increases the content of grain protein. However, the influence of amino acid/amide content on protein composition is not clear. C, Non-targeted metabolite profiling reveals the decrease of aspartate family and glutamate family content in the leaf blade of OsGS1;1 knockout lines in the metabolite levels. The content of carbohydrate metabolites increases significantly. dep1 promotes the expression of OsGS1;1, indicating that it can achieve the opposite metabolite content by increasing the activity of GS1;1.ADPG, ADP-glucose; Asn, Asparagine; Asp, Aspartate; BG, Branch glucan; CA, Chain amino acid; CCV, Clathrin coated vesicle; DP, Degree of glucose polymerization; DPE, Disproportionating enzyme; DV, Dense vesicle; F6P, Fructose-6-phosphate; Fru, Fructose; G3P, Glucose-3-phosphate; G6P, Glucose-6-phosphate; GBSS, Granule bound starch synthase; Gln, Glutamine; Glu, Glucose; GPA, Glutelin precursor accumulation; Ile, Isoleucine; ISA, Isoamylase; LG, Linear glucan; Lys, Lysine; Met, Methionine; MVB, Multivesicular body; PAC, Precursor-accumulating vesicle; PB, Protein body; PDIL, Protein disulphide isomerase-like; Pho1, Phosphorylase1; Pro, Proline; PSV, Protein storage vacuole; SBE, Starch branching enzyme; SS, Starch synthase; Thr, Threonine; VPE, Vacuolar processing enzyme.

Fig. 3. Effects of dep1 on rice yield and quality formation.A, Contribution of dep1 to yield improvement under the background of high nitrogen input was expounded from the perspectives of morphology and physiology. B, dep1 changes the composition and content of starch and protein in the original endosperm cells by regulating the expression of key genes in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathway. At the same time, the changes of endogenous hormone levels also have a negative effect on the filling duration. These factors may be the key to the influence of dep1 on rice quality traits.Full lines represent the reported conclusion, dotted lines represent the inferred conclusion, arrowheads represent promotion, and vertical lines represent suppression

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