Rice Bran as Nutrient-Dense Food in Gut Health and Beyond

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2025.10.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain and a by-product of milling rice kernels, possessing high nutritional and therapeutic value. It is abundant in dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and various antioxidant molecules. The health-promoting effects of rice bran and its biomolecules have been documented in several studies. In this review, we evaluated the different nutritive and health-promoting effects of rice bran, particularly its impact on gut health and other chronic conditions associated with gut health. The biomolecules present in rice bran and their potential therapeutic effects were also summarized. This paper recapitulated the potential therapeutic and preventive efficacy of rice bran against various ailments, along with their mechanisms of action. Rice bran is an important source of nutritive substances. In addition to their nutritive value, rice bran is rich in diverse biomolecules such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, γ-oryzanol, phytosterols and derivatives, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The dietary fibers in rice bran play a key role in modulating gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, and maintaining gut health. Rice bran and its components have been found to exhibit therapeutic benefits against inflammation, diabetes, cancer, liver disorders, cardiac issues, and neurological disorders through various mechanisms. Different clinical investigations have also confirmed the potential beneficial effects of rice bran and rice bran oil in various metabolic and cardiac disease conditions. Modulating gut microbiota is an important mechanism of the beneficial effects exerted by rice bran. This comprehensive review underscores the nutritional and therapeutic value of rice bran, emphasizing its potential for wider adoption to address nutrient deficiencies and improve human health.

Key words: rice bran oil, nutritional moiety, gut health, molecular mechanism

Pratap Kalita, Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Bhrigu Kumar Das, Saikat Sen, Raja Chakraborty, Abdul Baquee Ahmed. Rice Bran as Nutrient-Dense Food in Gut Health and Beyond[J]. Rice Science, 2026, 33(1): 59-80.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Antioxidative and antiinflammatory potential of rice bran and rice bran oil bioactive moieties. ROS, Reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; COX, Cyclooxygenase; LPO, Lipid peroxidation; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; CAT, Catalase; NF-ƙB, Nuclear factor-kappa B; GSH, Glutathione; GSSG, Glutathione disulfide; NADP, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; NO, Nitric oxide; IL, Interleukin. XO, Xanthine oxidase; IL-1B, Interleukin-1 beta; IL-1R, Interleukin-1 receptor; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; NSAIDS, Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Fig. 2. Impact of rice bran on gut health. A, Rice bran dietary fibers study shows an increase in short chain fatty acids (SCFA) levels and its bioactive metabolites, including 1-pyroglutamic acid (pGlu), D-(+)-tryptophan (D-Trp), and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), which play crucial roles in maintaining gut health. It also regulates erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‑reactive protein (CRP) markers and helps reduce inflammation and cholesterol in blood vessels. RBC, Red blood cell; CRP, C-reactive protein; Chl, Cholesterol. B, De-oiled rice bran (DORB) fermentation study observes the effect of rice bran at different moisture levels, for example, E20, E40, and E60. It activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) pathway and releases antioxidant molecules that support the growth of beneficial bacteria and increase intestinal cell viability. C, Fermented rice bran supplementation in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice enhances aryl hydrocarbon, preserves innate lymphoid cells, and reduces gut microbiome dysbiosis. AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Fig. 3. Impact of rice bran supplementation on estrogen-deficient ovariectomized mice on a high-fat diet. Rice bran improves intestinal layer by enhancing tight junction proteins like Occludin and Zona occludens-1; reduces hepatic fat accumulation, upregulates GLUT-4 and Myogenin, and downregulates Atrogin and Ring finger protein; and supports the growth of Akkermnasciae and Clostridia but inhibits endotoxin-producing Tannerelaceae.

Fig. 4. Lipid lowering activity of rice and rice bran constituents. HMG-CoA, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; CH, Cholesterol; TG, Tryglycerides; FFA, Free fatty acvid; LDL-R, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor; CE, Cholesterol; IDL, Intermediate density lipoprotein; VLDL, Very low-density lipoprotein; TG, Triglyceride; CETP, Cholesteryl ester transfer protein; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; FFAS, Fatty acid synthase; CETP, Cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

Fig. 5. Effect of rice bran and rice bran oil on different pathways involved in hyperglycemia. SGLT2, Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; PKC, Protein kinase C; DAG, Diacylglycerol; eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NO, Nitric oxide; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; NF-ƙB, Nuclear factor kappa; MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase; NADH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen; NADP, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; VCAM, Vascular cell adhesion molecule; TLR, Toll-like receptors; GFAT, Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; NOX, NADPH oxidase; IL-1, Interleukin-1; MIP-1, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1; Grb2, Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; ET-1, Endothelin-1.

Fig. 6. Hepatoprotective effect of rice bran and rice bran oil constituents. SOD, Superoxide dismutase; GSH, Glutathione; NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine; CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 2E1; RB, Rice bran; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, Interleukin; ASK1, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; HSC, Hepatic stellate cell; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; MDA, Malondialdehyde; 4-HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal; DAMP, Damage-associated molecular patterns; CCI3, Trichloromethyl radical; CCI3OO, Trichloromethyl peroxyl radical.

Fig. 7. Clinical manifestations of rice bran and rice bran oil. TG, Triglyceride; TC, Total cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoB, Apolipoprotein B; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ORAC, Oxygen radical absorbance capacity; FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power; NO, Nitric oxide; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; IL, Interleukin; MDA, Malondialdehyde; CRP, C-Reactive protein; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid; PBG, Postprandial blood glucose; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin; QUICKI, Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HMG-CoA, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acids; BS, Blood sugar; METS-IR, Metabolic score for insulin resistance; SFA, Saturated fatty acids; RBO, Rice bran oil; RBE, Rice bran extract; RB, rice bran.

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