Low Light During Grain Filling Stage Deteriorates Rice Cooking Quality, but not Nutritional Value

doi:10.1016/S1672-6308(14)60298-5

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the effect of low light (LL, 50% natural light) during grain filling (GF) stage on rice transamination, amino acid (AA) accumulation, nutritional value, and cooking quality in three different rice genotypes, transaminase activities and AA levels in grains during GF stage and the traits that significantly affected rice quality (physical appearance, cooking quality, and nutritional value) were analyzed. LL did not disturb transamination in rice grains during GF stage, as minimal impact was found on alanine and aspartate transaminase activities. Nevertheless, most AAs in caryopses, including lysine and threonine, increased in response to LL, except for sulfur-containing AAs. These results suggest that AA metabolism and accumulation in rice grains were rarely suppressed by LL during GF stage. Rice nutritional ingredients at harvest, such as major protein components including glutelin and most important essential amino acids (EAAs) including lysine and threonine, increased significantly in response to LL, whereas most protein and EAA ratios were rarely affected. However, LL markedly affected physical appearance of rice grains by reducing brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and 1000-grain weight and increasing the chalkiness rate. In addition, cooking qualities decreased in response to LL, while breakdown values and amylose levels decreased and setback values increased. We concluded that LL during GF stage decreased the cooking quality of rice, but could potentially improve the nutritional value of rice.

Key words: cooking quality, essential amino acid, low light, nutritional value, protein, rapid visco-analyzer value, rice

Cheng-gang Liang, Jia Liu, Yan Wang, Dan Xiong, Chun-bang Ding, Tian Li. Low Light During Grain Filling Stage Deteriorates Rice Cooking Quality, but not Nutritional Value[J]. Rice Science, 2015, 22(4): 197-206.

Figures/Tables 6

References 47

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47	(Managing Editor: Wang Caihong)

Variety	Year	Light	Protein (mg/g)	TAA (mg/g)	Essential amino acids level (mg/g)								Essential amino acids ratio (%)
Variety	Year	Light	Protein (mg/g)	TAA (mg/g)	Lys	Thr	Met	Ile	Val	Leu	Phe		Lys	Thr	Met	Ile	Val	Leu	Phe
Koshihikari	2008	NL	64.90 b	74.86 b	3.17 b	2.33 b	1.46 b	3.12 b	4.50 b	6.61 b	4.69 b		4.88 a	3.59 a	2.25 b	4.81 b	6.93 a	10.19 a	7.23 a
		LL	75.30 a	87.29 a	3.40 a	2.77 a	1.91 a	3.76 a	5.39 a	7.66 a	5.19 a		4.52 b	3.68 a	2.54 a	4.99 a	7.16 a	10.18 a	6.88 b
	2010	NL	67.09 b	59.07 b	3.45 a	2.11 b	1.41 b	2.19 b	2.49 a	4.20 b	2.20 b		5.14 a	3.15 a	2.10 a	3.27 a	3.71 a	6.26 a	3.28 a
		LL	88.33 a	79.44 a	3.98 a	2.88 a	1.85 a	2.84 a	3.64 a	5.40 a	3.67 a		4.51 a	3.27 a	2.09 a	3.22 a	4.13 a	6.13 a	4.16 a
IR72	2008	NL	57.80 b	68.28 b	2.89 b	2.22 b	1.63 b	2.92 b	4.28 b	5.80 b	3.93 b		5.00 a	3.85 a	2.82 a	5.05 a	7.41 a	10.04 a	6.81 a
		LL	74.50 a	83.63 a	3.51 a	2.73 a	1.89 a	3.60 a	5.18 a	7.07 a	4.98 a		4.72 a	3.66 a	2.54 b	4.83 a	6.95 a	9.49 b	6.68 a
	2010	NL	71.41 b	64.99 b	3.11 b	2.31 b	1.70 a	2.27 b	2.88 b	4.35 b	2.82 a		4.36 a	3.24 a	2.39 a	3.18 a	4.04 a	6.10 a	3.95 a
		LL	97.61 a	85.78 a	4.24 a	3.32 a	2.02 a	3.05 a	4.30 a	6.16 a	3.11 a		4.34 a	3.40 a	2.07 a	3.12 a	4.40 a	6.31 a	3.19 b
Gangyou 527	2008	NL	55.30 b	61.20 b	2.85 b	1.90 b	1.95 a	2.58 b	4.36 b	5.22 b	3.68 b		5.15 a	3.44 a	3.52 a	4.66 a	7.89 a	9.44 a	6.65 a
		LL	68.50 a	74.10 a	3.10 a	2.41 a	1.85 a	3.19 a	4.73 a	6.53 a	4.45 a		4.52 b	3.52 a	2.70 b	4.66 a	6.91 b	9.53 a	6.49 a
	2010	NL	80.92 b	63.75 b	3.08 b	2.32 b	1.60 a	2.42 b	2.90 b	4.27 b	2.47 a		3.81 a	2.87 a	1.98 a	2.99 a	3.58 a	5.27 a	3.05 a
		LL	96.61 a	78.52 a	3.59 a	2.99 a	1.84 a	2.89 a	3.59 a	5.23 a	3.08 a		3.72 a	3.09 a	1.90 a	3.00 a	3.72 a	5.42 a	3.19 a
Light (L)			***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Year (Y)			***	***	***	**	ns	***	***	***	***	ns		ns	**	***	***	***	***
Variety (V)			***	***	***	ns	*	*	ns	***	***	*		ns	*	ns	ns	**	*
L × Y			***	***	**	***	***	***	***	***	***	***		ns	**	***	***	***	***
L × V			***	***	ns	**	*	***	ns	***	*	***		ns	***	ns	**	ns	ns
Y × V			***	***	ns	**	ns	***	ns	***	**	***		ns	***	ns	**	*	ns
L × Y × V			ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Different small letters represent significant difference between NL and LL at 0.05 level; , * and *** represent significant differences at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns, No-significance at 0.05 level. TAA, Total amino acid; Lys, Lysine; Thr, Threonine; Met, Methionine; Ile, Isoleucine; Val, Valine; Leu, Leucine; Phe, Phenylalanine.

Variety	Year	Light	Protein (mg/g)	TAA (mg/g)	Essential amino acids level (mg/g)								Essential amino acids ratio (%)
Variety	Year	Light	Protein (mg/g)	TAA (mg/g)	Lys	Thr	Met	Ile	Val	Leu	Phe		Lys	Thr	Met	Ile	Val	Leu	Phe
Koshihikari	2008	NL	64.90 b	74.86 b	3.17 b	2.33 b	1.46 b	3.12 b	4.50 b	6.61 b	4.69 b		4.88 a	3.59 a	2.25 b	4.81 b	6.93 a	10.19 a	7.23 a
		LL	75.30 a	87.29 a	3.40 a	2.77 a	1.91 a	3.76 a	5.39 a	7.66 a	5.19 a		4.52 b	3.68 a	2.54 a	4.99 a	7.16 a	10.18 a	6.88 b
	2010	NL	67.09 b	59.07 b	3.45 a	2.11 b	1.41 b	2.19 b	2.49 a	4.20 b	2.20 b		5.14 a	3.15 a	2.10 a	3.27 a	3.71 a	6.26 a	3.28 a
		LL	88.33 a	79.44 a	3.98 a	2.88 a	1.85 a	2.84 a	3.64 a	5.40 a	3.67 a		4.51 a	3.27 a	2.09 a	3.22 a	4.13 a	6.13 a	4.16 a
IR72	2008	NL	57.80 b	68.28 b	2.89 b	2.22 b	1.63 b	2.92 b	4.28 b	5.80 b	3.93 b		5.00 a	3.85 a	2.82 a	5.05 a	7.41 a	10.04 a	6.81 a
		LL	74.50 a	83.63 a	3.51 a	2.73 a	1.89 a	3.60 a	5.18 a	7.07 a	4.98 a		4.72 a	3.66 a	2.54 b	4.83 a	6.95 a	9.49 b	6.68 a
	2010	NL	71.41 b	64.99 b	3.11 b	2.31 b	1.70 a	2.27 b	2.88 b	4.35 b	2.82 a		4.36 a	3.24 a	2.39 a	3.18 a	4.04 a	6.10 a	3.95 a
		LL	97.61 a	85.78 a	4.24 a	3.32 a	2.02 a	3.05 a	4.30 a	6.16 a	3.11 a		4.34 a	3.40 a	2.07 a	3.12 a	4.40 a	6.31 a	3.19 b
Gangyou 527	2008	NL	55.30 b	61.20 b	2.85 b	1.90 b	1.95 a	2.58 b	4.36 b	5.22 b	3.68 b		5.15 a	3.44 a	3.52 a	4.66 a	7.89 a	9.44 a	6.65 a
		LL	68.50 a	74.10 a	3.10 a	2.41 a	1.85 a	3.19 a	4.73 a	6.53 a	4.45 a		4.52 b	3.52 a	2.70 b	4.66 a	6.91 b	9.53 a	6.49 a
	2010	NL	80.92 b	63.75 b	3.08 b	2.32 b	1.60 a	2.42 b	2.90 b	4.27 b	2.47 a		3.81 a	2.87 a	1.98 a	2.99 a	3.58 a	5.27 a	3.05 a
		LL	96.61 a	78.52 a	3.59 a	2.99 a	1.84 a	2.89 a	3.59 a	5.23 a	3.08 a		3.72 a	3.09 a	1.90 a	3.00 a	3.72 a	5.42 a	3.19 a
Light (L)			***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Year (Y)			***	***	***	**	ns	***	***	***	***	ns		ns	**	***	***	***	***
Variety (V)			***	***	***	ns	*	*	ns	***	***	*		ns	*	ns	ns	**	*
L × Y			***	***	**	***	***	***	***	***	***	***		ns	**	***	***	***	***
L × V			***	***	ns	**	*	***	ns	***	*	***		ns	***	ns	**	ns	ns
Y × V			***	***	ns	**	ns	***	ns	***	**	***		ns	***	ns	**	*	ns
L × Y × V			ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Different small letters represent significant difference between NL and LL at 0.05 level; , * and *** represent significant differences at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns, No-significance at 0.05 level. TAA, Total amino acid; Lys, Lysine; Thr, Threonine; Met, Methionine; Ile, Isoleucine; Val, Valine; Leu, Leucine; Phe, Phenylalanine.

Variety	Light	Protein component (mg/g)					Protein component ratio (%)
Variety	Light	Albumin	Globulin	Prolamin	Glutelin		Albumin	Globulin	Prolamin	Glutelin
Koshihikari	NL	1.78 b	7.02 b	4.86 b	53.43 b		2.64 b	10.47 a	7.24 a	79.65 a
	LL	3.24 a	8.80 a	6.87 a	69.43 a		3.67 a	9.96 a	7.76 a	78.61 a
IR72	NL	2.39 a	6.72 b	2.71 b	59.58 b		3.35 a	9.43 a	3.81 b	83.41 a
	LL	1.64 b	8.93 a	5.91 a	81.13 a		1.68 b	9.15 a	6.06 a	83.11 a
Gangyou527	NL	1.89 b	7.02 a	6.41 a	65.60 b		2.34 a	8.68 a	7.92 a	81.06 a
	LL	2.46 a	8.27 a	7.11 a	78.77 a		2.55 a	8.57 a	7.38 a	81.50 a
Light (L)		ns	***	**	***	ns		ns	ns	ns
Variety (V)		ns	ns	ns	***	ns		***	ns	ns
L × V		ns	***	ns	***	ns		**	ns	ns
Different small letters represent significant difference between NL and LL at 0.05 level; , * and *** represent significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns, No significance at 0.05 level.

Variety	Light	Protein component (mg/g)					Protein component ratio (%)
Variety	Light	Albumin	Globulin	Prolamin	Glutelin		Albumin	Globulin	Prolamin	Glutelin
Koshihikari	NL	1.78 b	7.02 b	4.86 b	53.43 b		2.64 b	10.47 a	7.24 a	79.65 a
	LL	3.24 a	8.80 a	6.87 a	69.43 a		3.67 a	9.96 a	7.76 a	78.61 a
IR72	NL	2.39 a	6.72 b	2.71 b	59.58 b		3.35 a	9.43 a	3.81 b	83.41 a
	LL	1.64 b	8.93 a	5.91 a	81.13 a		1.68 b	9.15 a	6.06 a	83.11 a
Gangyou527	NL	1.89 b	7.02 a	6.41 a	65.60 b		2.34 a	8.68 a	7.92 a	81.06 a
	LL	2.46 a	8.27 a	7.11 a	78.77 a		2.55 a	8.57 a	7.38 a	81.50 a
Light (L)		ns	***	**	***	ns		ns	ns	ns
Variety (V)		ns	ns	ns	***	ns		***	ns	ns
L × V		ns	***	ns	***	ns		**	ns	ns
Different small letters represent significant difference between NL and LL at 0.05 level; , * and *** represent significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns, No significance at 0.05 level.

Variety	Light	1000-grain weight (g)	Brown rice rate (g)	Milled rice rate (%)	Chalkiness rate (%)	Length/width ratio
Koshihikari	NL	23.11 a	79.97 a	52.70 a	3.33 b	1.69 b
	LL	21.23 b	75.36 b	30.63 b	17.33 a	1.80 a
IR72	NL	25.65 a	76.68 a	44.79 a	16.00 b	2.54 a
	LL	23.88 b	73.03 b	31.28 b	35.00 a	2.55 a
Gangyou 527	NL	27.19 a	76.42 a	49.06 a	12.67 a	2.40 a
	LL	26.46 b	74.05 b	39.89 b	17.33 a	2.44 a
Light (L)		***	***	***	**	ns
Variety (V)		***	**	ns	ns	***
L × V		***	**	**	ns	***
Different small letters represent significant difference between NL and LL at 0.05 levels; , * and *** represent significant differences at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively; ns, No-significance at 0.05 level.