Evaluation of Protocols for Measuring Leaf Photosynthetic Properties of Field-Grown Rice

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2016.08.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Largely due to the heterogeneity of environmental parameters and the logistical difficulty of moving photosynthetic equipment in the paddy fields, effective measurement of lowland rice photosynthesis is still a challenge. In this study, we showed that measuring detached rice leaves in the laboratory can not effectively represent the parameters measured in situ. We further described a new indoor facility, high-efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurement system (HAPS), and the associated measurement protocol to enable whole-weather measurement of photosynthetic parameters of rice grown in the paddy fields. Using HAPS, we can conduct photosynthetic measurements with a time span much longer than that appropriate for the outdoor measurements. Comparative study shows that photosynthetic parameters obtained with the new protocol can effectively represent the parameters in the fields. There was much less standard deviation for measurements using HAPS compared to the outdoor measurements, no matter for technical replications of each recording or for biological replications of each leaf position. This new facility and protocol enables rice photosynthetic physiology studies to be less tough but more efficient, and provides a potential option for large scale studies of rice leaf photosynthesis.

Key words: rice, gas exchange, photosynthetic property, in situ, high efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurement system

Tian-gen Chang, Chang-peng Xin, Ming-nan Qu, Hong-long Zhao, Qing-feng Song, Xin-guang Zhu. Evaluation of Protocols for Measuring Leaf Photosynthetic Properties of Field-Grown Rice[J]. Rice Science, 2017, 24(1): 1-9.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Weather variations throughout the year and photosynthetic light response curves (A-Q curves) on a typical cloudy day at Songjiang Experimental Station, Shanghai, China in 2015.A, Average daytime temperature and average daytime relative humidity (RH); B, Daily integrated photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD); C, Daytime light level variation of 10 September; D, A-Q curves measured outdoor under different incident radiations on 10 September. Lines in parts A and B correspond to the date of 10 September.

Fig. 2. Comparison of photosynthetic curves and stomatal conductance curves of attached leaves and detached leaves.A, Comparison of A-Ci curves measured on leaves before detachment (BD), immediately after detachment (0 h-AD), 1 h after detachment (1 h-AD) and 3 h after detachment (3 h-AD); B, Comparison of gs-Ci curves before and after detachment; C, Comparison of A-Q curves before and after detachment; D, Comparison of gs-Q curves before and after detachment. PPFD, Phtosynthetically active photon flux density.

Fig. 3. The new indoor photosynthetic measurements facility high-efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurements system (HAPS). A, Overall design of HAPS; B, Self-designed high performance lithium battery with independent adaptor socket versus standard lead-acid battery provided by Li-Cor Inc; C, Plants in HAPS and measurement of distance to artificial light source of different leaf-position leaves; D, Attenuation of light levels with distance from the light source (Mean ± SD, n = 4), and the lines show the average distances from light source of flag leaf, the 3rd and the 5th leaves from the top; E, Light spectrum of artificial light-emitting diodes source used in HAPS.

Fig. 4. Comparison of measured photosynthetic carbon dioxide response curves (A-Ci curves, A) and photosynthetic light response curves (A-Q curves, B) using high-efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurement systems and measured in situ (Mean ± SD).PPFD, Phtosynthetically active photon flux density.Four replications from different blocks were included in each curve, and no statistical significant difference was found.

Table 1 Fitted parameters measured indoor or outdoor at different growth stages (Mean ± SD, n = 4).

Parameter	Tillering stage		Jointing stage		Flowering stage		Mid grain filling stage
Parameter	6 August (Outdoor)	12 August (Indoor)	19 August (Indoor)	27 August (Outdoor)	10 September (Outdoor)	18 September (Indoor)	2 October (Outdoor)	9 October (Indoor)
V_cmax	195.90 ± 17.54	197.77 ± 9.92	144.91 ± 13.52	136.95 ± 20.82	140.08 ± 9.35	136.07 ± 5.81	99.69 ± 12.88	92.18 ± 5.92
J_max	227.44 ± 17.66	221.77 ± 13.01	192.27 ± 14.06	190.43 ± 24.48	187.44 ± 6.85	182.41 ± 9.01	144.39 ± 11.88	142.69 ± 9.90
ϕ_CO2	0.047 ± 0.008	0.058 ± 0.004	0.048 ± 0.005	0.035 ± 0.021	0.028 ± 0.010	0.048 ± 0.005	0.045 ± 0.010	0.040 ± 0.010
A_sat	42.16 ± 3.76	33.12 ± 4.09	25.65 ± 2.55	29.82 ± 7.16	23.19 ± 4.43	24.69 ± 1.94	21.46 ± 5.11	17.74 ± 2.35
R_d	1.67 ± 0.12	0.80 ± 0.13	0.93 ± 0.27	1.09 ± 0.42	0.85 ± 0.29	0.70 ± 0.22	1.03 ± 0.17	0.68 ± 0.04
V_cmax, Maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation [(μmol/(m²∙s)]; J_max, Maximum rate of electron transport for RuBP regeneration [(μmol/(m²∙s)]; ϕ_CO2, Maximum apparent quantum efficiency; A_sat, Light-saturated photosynthetic rate [(μmol/(m²∙s)]; R_d, Dark respiration rate [(μmol/(m²∙s)].

Fig. 5. Standard deviation of photosynthesis rate for each recording using high-efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurement systems (HAPS) and in situ measurement during whole growth season. A, Standard deviation (SD) distribution of recordings using HAPS for A-Ci curves; B, SD distribution of recordings for in situ measurement of A-Ci curves; C, Comparison of average SDs for recordings using HAPS and recordings for in situ measurement of A-Ci curves (Mean ± SD, n = 1 982); D, SD distribution of recordings using HAPS for A-Q curves measurement; E, SD distribution of recordings for in situ measurement of A-Q curves; F, Comparison of average SDs for recordings using HAPS and recordings for in situ measurement of A-Q curves (Mean ± SD, n = 1 328). There are more than 1 000 records for each distribution shown in panel A, B, D and E. **** means P-value < 10-7.

Fig. 6. Typical indoor photosynthetic carbon dioxide response curves (A-Ci, left) and photosynthetic light response curves (A-Q, right) measured before 17:00 pm and after 17:00 pm using high-efficiency all-weather photosynthetic measurement systems.PPFD, Phtosynthetically active photon flux density.

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