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30 March 2004, Volume 11 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Monitoring the Expression Profiles of Cereal Crops Seedlings by Using Rice cDNA Microarray SUN Liang-xian, DONG Hai-tao, LI De-bao 2004, 11(3): 75-80 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (480KB) ( )   Through exploiting the high homology of cereal crop genes, membranous cDNA microarrays containing 3 311 unique rice transcripts (including 1 639 endosperm-derived transcripts and 1 672 mature stem-derived transcripts) were used for monitoring the expression profiles of 1-leaf stage seedlings of 4 cereal crop species: rice, maize, sorghum and barley. After hybridizing with [α-33P] labeled probes, 73.6 % of the arrayed genes generated reliable signals in all of the four cereal crops. Further analysis revealed that among the arrayed genes, a higher percentage of the endosperm-derived transcripts (86.6 %) expressed than that of the mature stem-derived genes (60.9 %), indicating that most of the endosperm expressed genes functioned in young seedlings while considerable amount of mature stem tissue expressed genes did not express. These results also inferred that some genes might function only at certain developmental stages. By comparing the obtained profiles, 84 genes were identified constantly expressed in all the four cereal crops. Many housekeeping genes, such as polyubiquitin, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and ribosomal proteins were included in this catalogue. The experiment also identified 14 rice seedling specifically expressed genes, including 3 biotic and abiotic stress induced genes and 1 apoptosis suppressor encoding gene Bax inhibitor-1. This investigation provided invaluable information for comparative genomics of gramineae members.

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cDNA Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Rice Sbe1 and Sbe3 Genes CHEN Xiu-hua, LIU Qiao-quan, WU Hsin-kan, WANG Zong-yang, GU Ming-hong 2004, 11(3): 81-85 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (370KB) ( )   Two starch-branching enzyme (SBE) in rice, is known to be a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis. The cDNA of two SBE(starch-branching enzyme) genes Sbe1 and Sbe3 encoding SBE I and SBE III (two major isoforms in rice) were cloned by an improved RT-PCR technique, from a template cDNA library derived from the total mRNAs extracted from the immature seeds of a japonica rice Wuyunjing 7. DNA sequence analysis showed that the size of the cloned Sbe1 and Sbe3 cDNAs were 2490 and 2481 bp long, respectively, including their entire coding sequences. Comparison analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence of Sbe3 was the same as that of sbe3 (Genbank Accession No. D16201) as reported previously. There were only four base-pairs difference, which resulted in changes of two deduced amino acids between the cloned Sbe1 cDNA and the reported sbe1 (Genbank Accession No. D11082). The cloned Sbe1 and Sbe3 cDNAs make it possible to improve rice starch quality through genetic engineering

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Mapping of a New Gene Wbph6(t) Resistant to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, in Rice LI Xi-ming, ZHAI Hu-qu, WAN Jian-min, MA Liang-yong, ZHUANG Jie-yun, LIU Guang-jie, YANG Chang-deng 2004, 11(3): 86-90 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (236KB) ( )   A rice population consisting of 90 TN1/Guiyigu F3 lines was employed to analyze the linkage between DNA markers and a new gene Wbph6(t) conferring resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. By using the mapping approach of bulked extremes and recessive class, Wbph6(t) was mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 11 with a genetic distance of 21.2 cM to SSLP marker RM167.

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Analysis of SSLP and Soluble Protein Contents in Leaves of Mutants Induced by High Pressure in Rice (Oryza sativa) HE Xiu-ying, XU Shi-ping, LIAO Yao-ping, MAO Xing-xue, WENG Ke-nan, CHEN Zhao-ming, CHEN Yue-han, XIAO Wan-sheng 2004, 11(3): 91-94 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (195KB) ( )   Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies were 3.4－11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety, the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants, and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety.

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Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines LI Ai-hong, XU Xin-ping, DAI Zheng-yuan, CHEN Zong-xiang, LI Bao-jian, ZHANG Hong-xi, PAN Xue-biao 2004, 11(3): 95-100 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (242KB) ( )   Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene (β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties’ chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various parts of the same plant.

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Resistance Evaluation of Some Chinese Leading Rice Maintainer, Restorer lines and Their Hybrids to Magnaporthe grisea ZHU Xu-dong, SHEN Ying, Henri ADREIT , Julien FROUIN, Didier HARREAU 2004, 11(3): 101-105 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (311KB) ( )   Six isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were selected to inoculate on 10 Chinese leading maintainer lines (B-lines), 14 restorer lines (R-lines) and their F1 hybrid plants. In the tested rice materials, R-lines were proved to be more resistant to blast than B-lines. The resistance frequency of about 25% F1 hybrid plants was less than their parents. In addition, 26 isolates of M. grisea collected from different rice growing areas of China were inoculated on 13 new improved hybrid rice combinations. The resistance frequencies of 5 improved hybrids were better than those of the controls and leading varieties in rice production of China.

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Analysis on Mineral Element Contents in Associated with Varietal Type in Core Collection of Yunnan Rice ZENG Ya-wen, LIU Jia-fu, WANG Lu-xiang, SHEN Shi-quan, LI Zi-chao，WANG Xiangkun, WEN Guo-song, YANG Zhong-yi 2004, 11(3): 106-112 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (307KB) ( )   Eight-element contents of 653 unpolished rice samples harvested from Xingping experiment farm, Yunnan Province under the same ecological conditions were analyzed by ICP-AES method. The mineral elements content were closely related to low diversity, high-yielding, and multi-resistance breeding; The K, Mg, Ca and Mn content in high-yielding and resistant varieties were high, and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Zn and Cu were low, which was connected with the heredity and physiological mechanism of mineral nutrients. There is zonal distribution of mineral elements content from Yunnan rice, especially for P, Fe, Zn and Cu co-related with the diversity center, paddy versus upland, glutinous and non-glutinous, glume-hair versus nuda, rice color, rice flavor, soft rice versus non-soft rice, but it did not find any association with indica-japonica types. The results supported the ecological variety group view of 5-grade taxonomic system “species-subspecies-ecological groups-ecological variety groups–varietal types”.

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Factors Influencing the Outcrossed Seed-Setting Obstacles of Photo-thermo Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice CHEN Xiong-hui, WAN Bang-hui, PENG Hai-feng, LU Yan-peng, LIANG Ke-qin, ZHAO Jing 2004, 11(3): 113-119 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (262KB) ( )   Using photo-thermo sensitive genic male rice (PTGMS) Pei’ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.

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Changes in Endopeptidase Activity during Photosynthetic Declination in Rice Leaf DENG Zhi-rui, ZHANG Rong-xian 2004, 11(3): 120-124 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (293KB) ( )   Two japonica rice varieties, Wuyujing 3 and 97-7, were used to study the changes in contents of soluble protein, free amino acids and endopeptidase activity during photosynthetic declination. The content of soluble protein in flag leaf of cv. Wuyujing 3 was higher than that of cv. 97-7, but decreased rapidly in Wuyujing 3. Free amino acids in flag leaf and the thirteenth leaf of Wuyujing 3 started to increase 10 days before the turning point of photosynthetic declination (TPPD), while it occurred just 1－2 days before TPPD in the flag leaf and the thirteenth leaf of 97-7. During reversible phase of photosynthetic declination, endopeptidase activity remained at a low level and increased slightly only in the later part of this phase. Then it rose up rapidly at irreversible decline phase and reached a very high level. For Wuyujing 3, the change in endopeptidase activity in the thirteenth leaf was parallel to that in flag leaf. However, for 97-7, the rapid increase of endopeptidase activity in the thirteenth leaf started later than that of flag leaf. The results implied that the rate of protein breakdown and conversion to transportable nitrogen in leaves of 97-7 was slower than that in leaves of Wuyujing 3 during photosynthetic declination and it led to relatively lower seed setting rate and fully filling grains rate in 97-7. This may be one of the important reasons why 97-7 could not bring the high yield potentiality into play and the findings may be taken into consideration while breeding for high potential varieties in future.

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Effect of Indoleacetic acid (IAA) on the Negative Phototropism of Rice Root MO Yi-wei, WANG Zhong, QIAN Shan-qin, GU Yun-jie 2004, 11(3): 125-128 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (157KB) ( )   To explore the effects of IAA on negative phototropism of rice （Oryza sativa L.） root，agar block containing IAA was unilaterally applied on root tip to examine the phototropic response of root to exogenous IAA, and microstructure of the bending part was observed with an optical microscope. The growth of seminal roots could be regulated by exogenous IAA as well as light, as a result the root bent towards the site treated, causing asymmetric growth of the root cells at the elongation zone and consequently bending growth. IAA concentration in the shaded side of adventitious root increased much greater at 1.5 h after the start of irradiation. The unequal lateral IAA distribution can be concluded to be the main cause for negative phototropism of rice root.

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Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens LU Zhong-xian, S. VILLAREAL, YU Xiao-ping, K. L. HEONG , HU Cui 2004, 11(3): 129-134 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (192KB) ( )   Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.

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Relationship Between the Development of Methamidophos Resistance and the Activities of Three Detoxifying Enzymes in Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens LIU Ze-wen, HAN Zhao-jun, ZHANG Ling-chun 2004, 11(3): 135-139 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (194KB) ( )   Methamidophos resistance of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens was selected in laboratory for 19 generations (F1 to F19). The resistance development in BPH was approximatively shaped as the letter “S”: resistance change was small before the fifth generation and after the fifteenth generation, and the changing pattern was sharp between the fifth and the fifteenth generation. Esterase might play an important role in the resistance development, because the esterase activity and the number of individuals with high activities increased along with the resistance development. The esterase activities of insecticide-sensitive population S, field population F0, its selective generations F5, F10 and F15 were highly correlated with the resistance ratios of these generations, and the coefficient was 0.9899. Mixed-function oxidases and glutathione S-transferase also might play some roles in the resistance development, but the big change in the activities of the two detoxifying enzymes both took place before the tenth generation.

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Combined Effects of Nutrient and Pesticide Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System XIE Xiao-mei, LIAO Min, LIU Wei-ping, Susanne KLOSE 2004, 11(3): 140-146 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (243KB) ( )   Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pesticide management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. Results of field experiment demonstrated significant changes in soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents, abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria, electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity, soil protein contents under different management practices and at various growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also induced slight changes, and the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides application alone. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed during the continuance of crop growth, while the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides application alone, which coincided with the decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or combined with pesticides increased it, while a decline was noticed with pesticides application alone as compared with the control. The soil protein content was found to be relatively stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops undertaken, but notable changes were detected at different growth stages.

Short Communication

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Discovery and Significance of the Grain of Wild Rice in Ancient-Woods Layer in Zhujiajian Island of Zhejiang Province, China SHEN Xian-sheng, LI Shu-mei, YANG Jie-pin, SUN Hao 2004, 11(3): 147-149 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (559KB) ( )   A large number of plant remains were discovered in the ancient-woods layer of Zhujiajian Island, Zhejiang Province. There were some thick trunks, complete laminas, fruit, seeds and so on. According to radiocarbon tests conducted for plant remains, the ancient-woods layer has been dated back to about 8750–6200 years, and the vegetation was a subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests on the island in the past. In the middle of the ancient-woods layer, two grains of wild rice were explored accidentally, which are Oryza rufipogon, along with the fruit and seeds of some water plants, such as Ceratophyllum demersum, C. oryzetorum, Euryale ferox, Trapa incisa var. quadricaudata, Scirpus yagara and so on. There might be marshy soil and a pond in ancient forest vegetation from where the grains of wild rice and hydrophytic fruit were found. It is of tremendous importance to study the origin of wild rice in China.