Comparisons of Metabolic Profiles for Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Lipids, Fragrance and Flavones During Grain Development in indica Rice Cultivars

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2022.01.004

Abstract

Abstract:

We used a widely targeted metabolomics approach to examine the metabolic changes in three pedigreed indica cultivars (Meixiangzhan 2, Meisizhan and Qixinzhan), with different eating qualities, at 8, 15 and 30 d after flowering (DAF) to explore the formation mechanism of rice eating and nutritional qualities at a global metabolic level. A total of 623 metabolites were identified, and results showed that metabolic variations among rice cultivars decreased with grain developmental stage, suggesting that sufficient carbohydrate and amino acid supply during grain development may contribute to excellent rice eating and nutritional quality formation. Lysophosphatidylcholines 19:0 and 16:1 were beneficial for excellent eating quality formation during grain development. Rice fragrance was attributed mainly to spermidine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Rice cultivars with excellent eating quality at 15-30 DAF had relatively higher flavone content, possibly because they had adequate carbohydrate and amino acid contents during grain development. These results provided insight into the mechanisms for establishing rice eating and nutritional qualities during grain formation at a global metabolic level, and can be applied towards improving rice quality.

Key words: eating quality, metabolomics, nutritional quality, high-quality rice, grain development

Chen Yibo, Wang Zhidong, Wang Chongrong, Li Hong, Huang Daoqiang, Zhou Degui, Zhao Lei, Pan Yangyang, Gong Rong, Zhou Shaochuan. Comparisons of Metabolic Profiles for Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Lipids, Fragrance and Flavones During Grain Development in indica Rice Cultivars[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(2): 155-165.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. Eating quality values and metabolic profiles of three rice samples. A, Eating quality values of MXZ, MSZ and QXZ. B, Metabolite classes and numbers detected in samples. C, Principal component analysis of metabolomes during grain development. D, Venn diagram of results of two-way analysis of variance. MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan; DAF, Days after flowering.

Fig. 2. Changes of carbohydrate levels in three rice cultivars at 8, 15 and 30 d after flowering (DAF). A, Changes of metabolites mapped to starch biosynthesis pathway in three rice cultivars at 8, 15 and 30 DAF. B, Heat map of carbohydrate metabolites that significantly changed in rice grains among three rice cultivars at 8, 15 and 30 DAF. Fold change ratios are indicated by red or blue shading according to the scale bar. Data are means of three biological replicates per cultivar and time point. Full metabolite names are listed in Tables S1 and S2. MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan; UPDG, Uridine diphosphate glucose; ADPG, Adenosine diphosphate glucose; G-6-P, Glucose-6-phosphate; F-6-P, Fructose-6-phosphate; G-1-P, Glucose-1-phosphate.

Fig. 3. Heat map of changes in amino acids and their derivatives in rice grains at 8, 15 and 30 d after flowering (DAF) among three cultivars. Fold change ratios are indicated by red or blue shading according to the scale bar. Data are means of three biological replicates per cultivar and time point. Full metabolite names are listed in Tables S1 and S3. MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan.

Fig. 4. Heat map of lipid metabolite changes in rice grains among three cultivars at 8, 15 and 30 d after flowering (DAF). Fold change ratios are indicated by red or blue shading according to the scale bar. Data are means of three biological replicates per cultivar and time point. Full metabolite names are listed in Tables S1 and S4. MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan; LysoPC, Lysophosphatidylcholine; LysoPE, Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; MAG, Monoacylglycerol; 9-HOTrE, 9-hydroxy-(6Z,9Z,11E)-octadecatrienoic acid; 13-HPODE, 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid; 9-HOA, 9- hydroxy-(10E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid; 12,13-EODE, 12,13-E- octadecadienoic acid; MGDG, Monogalatosyl diglyceride.

Fig. 5. Changes in levels of metabolites mapped to 2-AP biosynthesis pathway in three rice cultivars at 8, 15 and 30 d after flowering (DAF). A, 2-AP biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in plants. B, Relative changes in metabolites mapped to 2-AP biosynthesis pathway during grain development. MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan; 2-AP, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; BADH2, Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; DAO, Diamine oxidase; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GAD, Glutamate decarboxylase; PAO, Polyamine oxidase; SpmS, Spermine synthase; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Fig. 6. Heat map of flavone changes in rice grains among three cultivars at 8, 15, and 30 d after flowering (DAF). MXZ, Meixiangzhan 2; MSZ, Meisizhan; QXZ, Qixinzhan. Fold change ratios are indicated by red or blue shading according to the scale bar. Data are means of three biological replicates per cultivar and time point. Full metabolite names are listed in Tables S1 and S5.

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