Rice Science ›› 2018, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (2): 94-102.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2018.02.002
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Xiongsiyee Vua1,2, Rerkasem Benjavan3, Veeradittakit Jeeraporn2, Saenchai Chorpet2, Lordkaew Sittichai4, Thebault Prom-u-thai Chanakan2,5()
Received:
2017-05-16
Accepted:
2017-08-09
Online:
2018-03-28
Published:
2017-12-22
Xiongsiyee Vua, Rerkasem Benjavan, Veeradittakit Jeeraporn, Saenchai Chorpet, Lordkaew Sittichai, Thebault Prom-u-thai Chanakan. Variation in Grain Quality of Upland Rice from Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR[J]. Rice Science, 2018, 25(2): 94-102.
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District | Village | pH | OM (%) | N (%) | Available P (mg/kg) | Exchangeable K (g/kg) | Fe (g/kg) | Zn (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PX | CC | 5.2 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 244 ± 12 | 66.9 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 1.1 |
HM | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 279 ± 8 | 123.5 ± 45.8 | 3.6 ± 3.3 | |
PO | HO | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 258 ± 22 | 122.6 ± 28.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 |
HL | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 15.6 ± 2.1 | 277 ± 23 | 74.2 ± 12.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | |
XN | PSN | 4.7 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 101 ± 0 | 44.5 ± 16.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 |
PT | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 187 ± 3 | 83.6 ± 32.6 | 2.0 ± 2.0 |
Table 1 Profile of soil fertility of different locations where rice samples were collected.
District | Village | pH | OM (%) | N (%) | Available P (mg/kg) | Exchangeable K (g/kg) | Fe (g/kg) | Zn (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PX | CC | 5.2 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 244 ± 12 | 66.9 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 1.1 |
HM | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 279 ± 8 | 123.5 ± 45.8 | 3.6 ± 3.3 | |
PO | HO | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 258 ± 22 | 122.6 ± 28.0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 |
HL | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 15.6 ± 2.1 | 277 ± 23 | 74.2 ± 12.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | |
XN | PSN | 4.7 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 101 ± 0 | 44.5 ± 16.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 |
PT | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 187 ± 3 | 83.6 ± 32.6 | 2.0 ± 2.0 |
Variable | Grain length | Grain width | Grain thickness | L/W | 100-grain weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (mm) | |||
Min | 8.61 | 2.67 | 1.97 | 2.12 | 2.54 |
Max | 11.63 | 4.27 | 2.47 | 3.88 | 4.57 |
Mean | 10 | 3.51 | 2.24 | 2.88 | 3.45 |
SD | 0.78 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.5 |
CV | 11.34 | 13.64 | 11.7 | 5.33 | 1.75 |
F-test | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** |
LSD0.05 | 1.84 | 0.77 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.1 |
Table 2 Grain sizes, shapes, and weight of paddy rice of 60 samples collected from different locations in Luang Prabang.
Variable | Grain length | Grain width | Grain thickness | L/W | 100-grain weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (mm) | |||
Min | 8.61 | 2.67 | 1.97 | 2.12 | 2.54 |
Max | 11.63 | 4.27 | 2.47 | 3.88 | 4.57 |
Mean | 10 | 3.51 | 2.24 | 2.88 | 3.45 |
SD | 0.78 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.5 |
CV | 11.34 | 13.64 | 11.7 | 5.33 | 1.75 |
F-test | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** |
LSD0.05 | 1.84 | 0.77 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.1 |
Variable | Protein (%) | Fe (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PX | PO | XN | PX | PO | XN | PX | PO | XN | ||||||||||||||||||
CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | |||||||||
Min | 8.1 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8 | 11.8 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 11.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 16.7 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 18.3 | 15.2 | 16.1 | ||||||||
Max | 11.1 | 10 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 24.8 | 29.6 | 26.6 | 30 | 19.5 | 45.4 | 21.8 | 23.1 | 23 | 21.4 | 24.1 | 23.4 | ||||||||
Mean | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 17.4 | 13.9 | 17.9 | 20.5 | 13.5 | 18.4 | 19.6 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 20 | 19 | 19.5 | ||||||||
SD | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | ||||||||
CV (%) | 10.1 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 20.6 | 45.8 | 47.1 | 38.5 | 26.5 | 51.6 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 7.1 | 13.9 | 13 | ||||||||
Genotype** | Genotype** | Genotype** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
LSD0.05 = 1.00 | LSD0.05 = 2.38 | LSD0.05 = 1.49 |
Table 3 Variation in nutrient contents of 60 rice samples in Luang Prabang.
Variable | Protein (%) | Fe (mg/kg) | Zn (mg/kg) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PX | PO | XN | PX | PO | XN | PX | PO | XN | ||||||||||||||||||
CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | |||||||||
Min | 8.1 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8 | 11.8 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 11.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 16.7 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 18.3 | 15.2 | 16.1 | ||||||||
Max | 11.1 | 10 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 24.8 | 29.6 | 26.6 | 30 | 19.5 | 45.4 | 21.8 | 23.1 | 23 | 21.4 | 24.1 | 23.4 | ||||||||
Mean | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 17.4 | 13.9 | 17.9 | 20.5 | 13.5 | 18.4 | 19.6 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 20 | 19 | 19.5 | ||||||||
SD | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | ||||||||
CV (%) | 10.1 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 20.6 | 45.8 | 47.1 | 38.5 | 26.5 | 51.6 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 7.1 | 13.9 | 13 | ||||||||
Genotype** | Genotype** | Genotype** | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
LSD0.05 = 1.00 | LSD0.05 = 2.38 | LSD0.05 = 1.49 |
Variety (Sympbol) | Village | Pericarp color | Anthocyanin (mg/g) | Antioxidant |
---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/g) | ||||
Kam Leuang-yao (KLY) | CC | Purple | 1.292 | 2.767 |
Kam Med-dam (KMD) | CC | Purple | 2.229 | 4.359 |
Kam Leuang-dam (KLD) | CC | Purple | 1.495 | 2.727 |
Khao Paie (KPA) | HM | Red | 0 | 0.947 |
Kam Khao-dam (KKD) | HM | Purple | 0.611 | 0.523 |
Khao Chuk (KC) | HM | Red | 0 | 0.719 |
Kam Dor (KDO) | HO | Purple | 1.339 | 2.03 |
Niaw med-daeng 1 (NMD1) | PSN | Red | 0 | 3.583 |
Niaw med-daeng 2 (NMD2) | PT | Red | 0 | 0.987 |
n | 9 | 9 | ||
Min | 0 | 0.523 | ||
Max | 2.229 | 4.359 | ||
Mean | 0.774 | 2.071 | ||
SD | 0.88 | 1.373 | ||
CV (%) | 0.151 | 0.459 | ||
F-test | ** | ** | ||
LSD0.05 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Table 4 Anthocyanin concentrations and antioxidant capacity among nine pigmented rice varieties (red and purple pericarp color) collected from Laung Prabang.
Variety (Sympbol) | Village | Pericarp color | Anthocyanin (mg/g) | Antioxidant |
---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/g) | ||||
Kam Leuang-yao (KLY) | CC | Purple | 1.292 | 2.767 |
Kam Med-dam (KMD) | CC | Purple | 2.229 | 4.359 |
Kam Leuang-dam (KLD) | CC | Purple | 1.495 | 2.727 |
Khao Paie (KPA) | HM | Red | 0 | 0.947 |
Kam Khao-dam (KKD) | HM | Purple | 0.611 | 0.523 |
Khao Chuk (KC) | HM | Red | 0 | 0.719 |
Kam Dor (KDO) | HO | Purple | 1.339 | 2.03 |
Niaw med-daeng 1 (NMD1) | PSN | Red | 0 | 3.583 |
Niaw med-daeng 2 (NMD2) | PT | Red | 0 | 0.987 |
n | 9 | 9 | ||
Min | 0 | 0.523 | ||
Max | 2.229 | 4.359 | ||
Mean | 0.774 | 2.071 | ||
SD | 0.88 | 1.373 | ||
CV (%) | 0.151 | 0.459 | ||
F-test | ** | ** | ||
LSD0.05 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Fig. 2. Relationship between anthocyanin and antioxidant concentrations between eight pigmented rice varieties.KMD, Kam Med-dam; KLD, Kam Leuang-dam; KPA, Khao Paie; KC, Khao Chuk; KDO, Kam Dor; NMD2, Niaw Med-daeng 2; KLY, Kam Leuang-yao; KKD, Kam Khao-dam.** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level.
Classification | PX | PO | XN | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | ||
Endosperm type a | |||||||
Glutinous | 9 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 42 |
Non-glutinous | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
Low amylose (10%-19%) | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
Medium amylose (20%-25%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High amylose (> 25%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 14 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 60 |
Alkali spreading value | |||||||
1-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4-5 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 43 |
6-7 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 17 |
Total | 14 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 60 |
Table 5 Classification of glutinous and non-glutinous rice as regards amylose content and gelatinization temperature by using alkali spreading value.
Classification | PX | PO | XN | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | HM | HO | HL | PSN | PT | ||
Endosperm type a | |||||||
Glutinous | 9 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 42 |
Non-glutinous | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
Low amylose (10%-19%) | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 18 |
Medium amylose (20%-25%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High amylose (> 25%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 14 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 60 |
Alkali spreading value | |||||||
1-3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4-5 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 43 |
6-7 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 17 |
Total | 14 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 60 |
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