Rice Science ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 309-327.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2022.02.002
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Md Rokonuzzaman1, Li Wai Chin1(
), Man Yu Bon1, Tsang Yiu Fai1, Ye Zhihong2
Received:2021-10-28
Accepted:2022-02-11
Online:2022-07-28
Published:2022-06-01
Contact:
Li Wai Chin
Md Rokonuzzaman, Li Wai Chin, Man Yu Bon, Tsang Yiu Fai, Ye Zhihong. Arsenic Accumulation in Rice: Sources, Human Health Impact and Probable Mitigation Approaches[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(4): 309-327.
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| Country | Mean daily total As intake | |
|---|---|---|
| Daily As intake (μg) | Reference | |
| Bangladesh | 214 (Male) and 120 (Female) | Watanabe et al, |
| Thailand | 287.0 ± 97.7 (68.2-564.0) | Ruangwises and Saipan, |
| Spain | 221 | Delgado-Andrade et al, |
| United Kingdom | 65-67 | MAFF, |
| Japan | 182 ± 114 (27-376) | Mohri et al, |
| Japan | 160-280 | Tsuda et al, |
| India | 60-102 | Roychowdhury et al, |
| Sweden | 60 ± 0.04 (< 50-180) | Jorhem et al, |
| Mexico | 394 | del Razo et al, |
| Germany | 6.9 ± 12.4 (0.6-98.0) | Wilhelm et al, |
| Spain | 224 | Llobet et al, |
| Korea | 39 | Lee et al, |
| America | 88 | Gunderson, |
| America | 3 (Children, 1-6 years) | Yost et al, |
| Country / Organization | As limit in rice and rice-based food | |
| As limit (mg/kg) | Reference | |
| WHO | 0.37 | Suriyagoda et al, |
| FAO | 1.00 | EFSA, |
| JFWCAC | 0.20 (iAs in polished rice) | EFSA, |
| China | 0.15 (iAs in foods) | Qian et al, |
| China | 0.20 | Yao Y et al, |
| European Union | No regulation | Hojsak et al, |
| America | No regulation | Hojsak et al, |
| Bangladesh | No regulation | Aziz et al, |
Table 1. Mean daily total arsenic (As) intake and its limit in rice and rice-based foods.
| Country | Mean daily total As intake | |
|---|---|---|
| Daily As intake (μg) | Reference | |
| Bangladesh | 214 (Male) and 120 (Female) | Watanabe et al, |
| Thailand | 287.0 ± 97.7 (68.2-564.0) | Ruangwises and Saipan, |
| Spain | 221 | Delgado-Andrade et al, |
| United Kingdom | 65-67 | MAFF, |
| Japan | 182 ± 114 (27-376) | Mohri et al, |
| Japan | 160-280 | Tsuda et al, |
| India | 60-102 | Roychowdhury et al, |
| Sweden | 60 ± 0.04 (< 50-180) | Jorhem et al, |
| Mexico | 394 | del Razo et al, |
| Germany | 6.9 ± 12.4 (0.6-98.0) | Wilhelm et al, |
| Spain | 224 | Llobet et al, |
| Korea | 39 | Lee et al, |
| America | 88 | Gunderson, |
| America | 3 (Children, 1-6 years) | Yost et al, |
| Country / Organization | As limit in rice and rice-based food | |
| As limit (mg/kg) | Reference | |
| WHO | 0.37 | Suriyagoda et al, |
| FAO | 1.00 | EFSA, |
| JFWCAC | 0.20 (iAs in polished rice) | EFSA, |
| China | 0.15 (iAs in foods) | Qian et al, |
| China | 0.20 | Yao Y et al, |
| European Union | No regulation | Hojsak et al, |
| America | No regulation | Hojsak et al, |
| Bangladesh | No regulation | Aziz et al, |
| Seed priming agent | Cultivation medium | Experimental setup | Rice variety | Effective concentration | Consequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selenium (Se) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Laboratory | Kranti and IR-36 | 0.8 mg/L | Promotes seed germination; improves seedling growth, suppresses oxidative damage on rice seedlings | Moulick et al, |
| As spiked soil | Laboratory | IET-4094 (Khitis) | 0.75 mg/L | Modulates lipid peroxidation and proline content; promotes seed germination and seedling growth; limits As translocation | Moulick et al, | |
| As contaminated soil | Laboratory | IET-4094 (Khitis) | 1 mg/L | Promotes growth and yield by reducing As translocation from root to shoot, husk and grain; increases tiller number, panicle length, and plant height of rice | Moulick et al, | |
| As spiked soil | Greenhouse | MTU-7029 (Swarna) and IET-4786 (Satabdi) | 1 mg/L | Reduces As translocation into the above-ground portion by sequestering As into roots; decreases grain As concentration in both brown and cooked rice | Moulick et al, | |
| Zinc (Zn) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Laboratory | MTU-7029 (Swarna) | 0.5-1.5 mg/L | Promotes germination and seedling growth; reduces biochemical markers | Moulick et al, |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae (genetically engineered yeast) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Greenhouse | Usar 3 | 1 × 106-1 × 107 cfu/mL | Improves seed germination; promotes seedling growth and vigor; reduces As in grains, shoots and roots; increases photosynthetic pigments | Verma et al, |
| Potassium humate | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Greenhouse | IR64 | 100 mg/L | Enhances seedling vigor; increases germination percentage by 10% from non-primed seeds in both the As(III) and As(V) stressed soils; decreases antioxidant activities and declines oxidative stress markers | Mridha et al, |
| Thiourea (TU) (seed priming + foliar spray) | Field soil | Field | Satabdi (IET-4786) and Gosai | 0.05% | Improves seedling growth and grain yield; reduces the As concentration in roots, shoots, husks and grains; attributes to the expression changes of As transporters | Upadhyay et al, |
| Moringa olifera leaf extract | Hydroponic | Laboratory | IR64 | 10 : 1 | Promotes seed germination and improves plant growth; improves relative water content and chlorophyll content; controls malondialdehyde level and electrolyte leakage | Kumar et al, |
Table 2. Effect of seed priming on arsenic (As) accumulation and toxicity in rice plant.
| Seed priming agent | Cultivation medium | Experimental setup | Rice variety | Effective concentration | Consequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selenium (Se) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Laboratory | Kranti and IR-36 | 0.8 mg/L | Promotes seed germination; improves seedling growth, suppresses oxidative damage on rice seedlings | Moulick et al, |
| As spiked soil | Laboratory | IET-4094 (Khitis) | 0.75 mg/L | Modulates lipid peroxidation and proline content; promotes seed germination and seedling growth; limits As translocation | Moulick et al, | |
| As contaminated soil | Laboratory | IET-4094 (Khitis) | 1 mg/L | Promotes growth and yield by reducing As translocation from root to shoot, husk and grain; increases tiller number, panicle length, and plant height of rice | Moulick et al, | |
| As spiked soil | Greenhouse | MTU-7029 (Swarna) and IET-4786 (Satabdi) | 1 mg/L | Reduces As translocation into the above-ground portion by sequestering As into roots; decreases grain As concentration in both brown and cooked rice | Moulick et al, | |
| Zinc (Zn) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Laboratory | MTU-7029 (Swarna) | 0.5-1.5 mg/L | Promotes germination and seedling growth; reduces biochemical markers | Moulick et al, |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae (genetically engineered yeast) | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Greenhouse | Usar 3 | 1 × 106-1 × 107 cfu/mL | Improves seed germination; promotes seedling growth and vigor; reduces As in grains, shoots and roots; increases photosynthetic pigments | Verma et al, |
| Potassium humate | As(III) and As(V) stressed soil | Greenhouse | IR64 | 100 mg/L | Enhances seedling vigor; increases germination percentage by 10% from non-primed seeds in both the As(III) and As(V) stressed soils; decreases antioxidant activities and declines oxidative stress markers | Mridha et al, |
| Thiourea (TU) (seed priming + foliar spray) | Field soil | Field | Satabdi (IET-4786) and Gosai | 0.05% | Improves seedling growth and grain yield; reduces the As concentration in roots, shoots, husks and grains; attributes to the expression changes of As transporters | Upadhyay et al, |
| Moringa olifera leaf extract | Hydroponic | Laboratory | IR64 | 10 : 1 | Promotes seed germination and improves plant growth; improves relative water content and chlorophyll content; controls malondialdehyde level and electrolyte leakage | Kumar et al, |
| Type of nanoparticle | Cultivation medium | Experimental setup | Mode of application | Concentration | Rice variety | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoscale silica (Si) | Hydroponic and soil | Hydroponic, field and greenhouse | Foliar spray | 5 mmol/L | Youyou 128 | Decreases electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in root; decreases total grain As | Liu et al, |
| MnO2 | Soil | Greenhouse | Mixed with soil | 0.2%-2.0% | - | Total grain As content is decreased | Zhou et al, |
| Graphene oxide, 40 nm hydroxyapatite, 20 nm hydroxyapatite, nano-Fe3O4, and nano-Fe0 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-4 mg/L | T705 and X24 | Fe3O4 and Fe0 lower the effect of antioxidants and limit As transportation from root to the aboveground portion of rice plant; influence the activities of enzyme | Huang et al, |
| ZnO and CeO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | TX | Decreases As(III) and As(V) in root and shoot; root tAs is decreased after exposure to ZnO + As(V) and ZnO + As(III); no significant change in tAs as well as iAs accumulation is observed in rice tissue for CeO2 application | Wang et al, |
| CuO | Soil | Greenhouse | Prepared in a Hoagland’s solution, mixed with soil | 0.1-100 mg/L (most effective, 50 mg/L) | Koshihikari | Reduces the life cycle of rice plant; decreases tAs accumulation by 35% in dehusked rice grains | Liu J et al, |
| Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | RiceTec XL753 | Reduces arsenite in rice roots; decreases tAs in shoots and roots | Wang et al, | |
| α-MnO2 | Soil | Field and greenhouse | Mixed with soil | 0.2%-2.0% | - | Increases oxidation of As(III) into As(V); reduces tAs concentration in brown rice, husks and roots | Li et al, |
| SiO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Cell suspension | 0.1-10.0 mmol/L | - | Weakens oxidative stress induced by As; decreases the expression levels of Lsi1 and Lsi2 genes; decreases the toxicity of As in rice cell suspension | Cui et al, |
| ZnO and Zn2+ | Hydroponic | Greenhouse | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | TX | Lowers As(V) and organic As (DMA and MMA) in rice roots; decreases shoot tAs and root tAs for Zn2+and ZnO application; influences OsLsil transporter | Ma et al, |
| Fe0 | Soil | Outdoor natural condition | Mixed with soils | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg | Fengyou 210 | Total As concentration in grain husk, and root are decreased, while iAs is also reduced | Hu et al, |
| Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-1.5% | BRRI dhan 49 | Influences the bacterial population in soil; reduces the grain As concentration | Akter et al, | ||
| ZnO | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 10-200 mg/L | - | Improves germination; decreases malondialdehyde content and tAs in rice shoots and roots | Wu F et al, |
| Nutrient solution | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-100 mg/L | Liangyou 8106 | Promotes seedling growth and limits As(III) mobility to above-ground part of rice; root and shoot As contents are decreased as compared with control | Yan et al, | |
| Fe3O4 (Synthesized from Bacillus subtilis) | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 5, 10 and 15 mg/L | Super Basmati | Increases seed germination and As tolerance of rice plants; alleviates the As induced stress | Khan et al, |
| TiO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-1 000 mg/L | Nanjing 46 | Controls As uptake and alleviates oxidative stress resulting from As exposure at the concentration of 1 000 mg/L; restricts the bioaccumulation of As in rice seedlings | Wu F et al, |
Table 3. Effect of nanotechnology on arsenic (As) accumulation and toxicity in rice plant.
| Type of nanoparticle | Cultivation medium | Experimental setup | Mode of application | Concentration | Rice variety | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoscale silica (Si) | Hydroponic and soil | Hydroponic, field and greenhouse | Foliar spray | 5 mmol/L | Youyou 128 | Decreases electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in root; decreases total grain As | Liu et al, |
| MnO2 | Soil | Greenhouse | Mixed with soil | 0.2%-2.0% | - | Total grain As content is decreased | Zhou et al, |
| Graphene oxide, 40 nm hydroxyapatite, 20 nm hydroxyapatite, nano-Fe3O4, and nano-Fe0 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-4 mg/L | T705 and X24 | Fe3O4 and Fe0 lower the effect of antioxidants and limit As transportation from root to the aboveground portion of rice plant; influence the activities of enzyme | Huang et al, |
| ZnO and CeO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | TX | Decreases As(III) and As(V) in root and shoot; root tAs is decreased after exposure to ZnO + As(V) and ZnO + As(III); no significant change in tAs as well as iAs accumulation is observed in rice tissue for CeO2 application | Wang et al, |
| CuO | Soil | Greenhouse | Prepared in a Hoagland’s solution, mixed with soil | 0.1-100 mg/L (most effective, 50 mg/L) | Koshihikari | Reduces the life cycle of rice plant; decreases tAs accumulation by 35% in dehusked rice grains | Liu J et al, |
| Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | RiceTec XL753 | Reduces arsenite in rice roots; decreases tAs in shoots and roots | Wang et al, | |
| α-MnO2 | Soil | Field and greenhouse | Mixed with soil | 0.2%-2.0% | - | Increases oxidation of As(III) into As(V); reduces tAs concentration in brown rice, husks and roots | Li et al, |
| SiO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Cell suspension | 0.1-10.0 mmol/L | - | Weakens oxidative stress induced by As; decreases the expression levels of Lsi1 and Lsi2 genes; decreases the toxicity of As in rice cell suspension | Cui et al, |
| ZnO and Zn2+ | Hydroponic | Greenhouse | Mixed with growth media | 100 mg/L | TX | Lowers As(V) and organic As (DMA and MMA) in rice roots; decreases shoot tAs and root tAs for Zn2+and ZnO application; influences OsLsil transporter | Ma et al, |
| Fe0 | Soil | Outdoor natural condition | Mixed with soils | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg | Fengyou 210 | Total As concentration in grain husk, and root are decreased, while iAs is also reduced | Hu et al, |
| Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-1.5% | BRRI dhan 49 | Influences the bacterial population in soil; reduces the grain As concentration | Akter et al, | ||
| ZnO | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 10-200 mg/L | - | Improves germination; decreases malondialdehyde content and tAs in rice shoots and roots | Wu F et al, |
| Nutrient solution | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-100 mg/L | Liangyou 8106 | Promotes seedling growth and limits As(III) mobility to above-ground part of rice; root and shoot As contents are decreased as compared with control | Yan et al, | |
| Fe3O4 (Synthesized from Bacillus subtilis) | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 5, 10 and 15 mg/L | Super Basmati | Increases seed germination and As tolerance of rice plants; alleviates the As induced stress | Khan et al, |
| TiO2 | Hydroponic | Laboratory | Mixed with growth media | 0-1 000 mg/L | Nanjing 46 | Controls As uptake and alleviates oxidative stress resulting from As exposure at the concentration of 1 000 mg/L; restricts the bioaccumulation of As in rice seedlings | Wu F et al, |
| Biochar type | Pyrolysis temperature (°C) | Agent for amendment/ modification | Experimental setup | Application rate | pH | Mode of application | Rice variety | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice straw, husk, bran | 500 | Ca(NO3)2∙4H2O, KH2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O | Greenhouse | 5% | 7.2-8.2 | Mixed with soil | - | Shoot As is increased | Zheng et al, |
| Rice straw, bean stalk | 500 | - | Field | - | 9.2 and 10.5 | Mixed with soil | Zhongyou 978 | Did not alter As; grain As content is increased | Zheng et al, |
| Rice husk | - | Silicon | Laboratory | 1% | - | Mixed with soil | M206, IR66 and Nipponbare | Reduces iAs in rice grain by 30% | Seyfferth et al, |
| 700 | SiO2 and MMT clay | Greenhouse | 0.25 g/g | 9.94- 10.41 | Mixed with soil | Shenyou 957 | Reduces As(III) by 73% at rice rhizosphere | Herath et al, | |
| 400 | Fe3O4 | Open-air ground | 0.05-1.60 g/g | 4.90- 6.08 | Mixed with soil | Xiangwanxian 13 | Significantly reduces grain As up to 47.3% | Yao Y et al, | |
| Corn straw | 600 | KMnO4 and Fe(NO3)3 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 3.17- 9.60 | Mixed with soil | Xiangzaoxian 24 | Reduces total grain As | Lin et al, |
| KMnO4 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 10.4- 10.8 | Mixed with soil | Xiangzaoxian 24 | Reduces As in rice root, leaf and grain | Yu et al, | ||
| Palm shell | 500 | Surface amination and nano-Fe0 | Laboratory | 0.1 g/g | - | Mixed with soil | UU128 | Decreases As concentration by 47.9% in rice straw | Liu et al, |
| 500 | - | Laboratory | 3% | 10.5 | Mixed with soil | - | Increases tAs content in soil solution | Wang et al, | |
| 600 | Red mud | Laboratory | 4 g/L | 2-12 | Mixed with soil | - | Adsorbs approximately 10 times As(V) | Wu et al, | |
| - | - | Greenhouse | 1%, 2% and 4% | 5.89- 9.98 | Mixed with soil | Weiyou 8 | Decreases As(III) in rice grain | Yang et al, | |
| - | - | Greenhouse | 2% | 5.89- 9.98 | Mixed with soil | Weiyou 8 | Mediates As(V) in soil-rice system | Yang et al, | |
| 400 | CaCO3 and Fe3O4 | Greenhouse | 1% and 2% | 11-12 | Mixed with soil | Yongyou 583 | Decreases grain As | Wu J Z et al, | |
| Palm fiber | 700 | Fe0 particles | Laboratory | 1% | - | Mixed with soil | UU128 | Reduces grain As | Qiao et al, |
| Rice husk, rice husk ash | 270-350 | - | Greenhouse | 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 g/g | 3.2-9.3 | Mixed with soil | RD31 | Reduces uptake and accumulation of As(III) and As(V) in rice grains | Leksungnoen et al, |
| Palm thread | 200-300 | FeSO4 and silicasol | Open field | 1.5 t/hm2 | 6.00 | Mixed with soil and foliar | Tianyou 998 | Decreases grain As content under Si and Fe-BC treatments | Pan et al, |
| Lodestone, carbide slag | 550-600 | - | Field | 9.59- 12.86 | Mixed with soil | Zhongzao 39 | Restricts As mobilization up to 52% | Liu et al, | |
| Rice husk, cordgrass | 600 | SiO2 | Greenhouse | 0.5 g/g | - | Mixed with soil | Yongyou 538 | Reduces grain As up to 16% | Jin et al, 2020 |
| Silkworm excrement | 500 | FeSO4 | Greenhouse | 0.5, 0.75, 0.83 and 1.00 g/g | 9.4 | Mixed with soil | Baiyou 1191 | Reduces As content in straw, husk and grains; Fe(II) reduces As translocation | Rong et al, |
| Rice husk, corn stalk, bamboo offcut, camphorwood chip | 550 | K3PO4 | Laboratory | 0%, 3%, 5% and 10% | 7.61- 9.23 | Mixed with soil | - | Increases mobility and level of As(V) | Zhang et al, |
| Corn stalk | 600 | Fe-Mn-CeO2 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 8.91- 9.72 | Mixed with soil | Xiangyu 24 | Reduces As bioavailability by enhancing oxidation of As(III) to As(V) | Zhang et al, |
| Fe0 amended biochar | - | Fe0 | Mothproof screen cage | 1.2% | 6.3 and 9.7 | Mixed with soil | Jiangliangyou 1377 | Reduces As in brown rice | Islam et al, |
| Corn stem | 600 | Fe-Mn-La | Laboratory | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | - | Mixed with soil | - | Significantly decreases As(III) content in rice soils | Lin et al, |
| Rice straw, toria stover | - | - | Greenhouse | 1% and 2% | - | Mixed with soil | - | Decreases grain As concentration | Medhi et al, |
| Rice hull | 600 | - | Laboratory | 1 g/g | 9.81 ± 0.09 | Mixed with soil | Jayanthi | Substantially reduces tAs and iAs in grains | Kumarathilaka et al, |
| P. orientalis Linn branch | 650 | FeCl3·6H2O | Laboratory | 3 g/g | 4.41- 9.25 | Mixed with soil | Xiushui 519 | Decreases As in straw and grain | Wen et al, |
Table 4. Biochar type to mitigate arsenic (As) accumulation and toxicity in rice.
| Biochar type | Pyrolysis temperature (°C) | Agent for amendment/ modification | Experimental setup | Application rate | pH | Mode of application | Rice variety | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice straw, husk, bran | 500 | Ca(NO3)2∙4H2O, KH2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O | Greenhouse | 5% | 7.2-8.2 | Mixed with soil | - | Shoot As is increased | Zheng et al, |
| Rice straw, bean stalk | 500 | - | Field | - | 9.2 and 10.5 | Mixed with soil | Zhongyou 978 | Did not alter As; grain As content is increased | Zheng et al, |
| Rice husk | - | Silicon | Laboratory | 1% | - | Mixed with soil | M206, IR66 and Nipponbare | Reduces iAs in rice grain by 30% | Seyfferth et al, |
| 700 | SiO2 and MMT clay | Greenhouse | 0.25 g/g | 9.94- 10.41 | Mixed with soil | Shenyou 957 | Reduces As(III) by 73% at rice rhizosphere | Herath et al, | |
| 400 | Fe3O4 | Open-air ground | 0.05-1.60 g/g | 4.90- 6.08 | Mixed with soil | Xiangwanxian 13 | Significantly reduces grain As up to 47.3% | Yao Y et al, | |
| Corn straw | 600 | KMnO4 and Fe(NO3)3 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 3.17- 9.60 | Mixed with soil | Xiangzaoxian 24 | Reduces total grain As | Lin et al, |
| KMnO4 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 10.4- 10.8 | Mixed with soil | Xiangzaoxian 24 | Reduces As in rice root, leaf and grain | Yu et al, | ||
| Palm shell | 500 | Surface amination and nano-Fe0 | Laboratory | 0.1 g/g | - | Mixed with soil | UU128 | Decreases As concentration by 47.9% in rice straw | Liu et al, |
| 500 | - | Laboratory | 3% | 10.5 | Mixed with soil | - | Increases tAs content in soil solution | Wang et al, | |
| 600 | Red mud | Laboratory | 4 g/L | 2-12 | Mixed with soil | - | Adsorbs approximately 10 times As(V) | Wu et al, | |
| - | - | Greenhouse | 1%, 2% and 4% | 5.89- 9.98 | Mixed with soil | Weiyou 8 | Decreases As(III) in rice grain | Yang et al, | |
| - | - | Greenhouse | 2% | 5.89- 9.98 | Mixed with soil | Weiyou 8 | Mediates As(V) in soil-rice system | Yang et al, | |
| 400 | CaCO3 and Fe3O4 | Greenhouse | 1% and 2% | 11-12 | Mixed with soil | Yongyou 583 | Decreases grain As | Wu J Z et al, | |
| Palm fiber | 700 | Fe0 particles | Laboratory | 1% | - | Mixed with soil | UU128 | Reduces grain As | Qiao et al, |
| Rice husk, rice husk ash | 270-350 | - | Greenhouse | 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 g/g | 3.2-9.3 | Mixed with soil | RD31 | Reduces uptake and accumulation of As(III) and As(V) in rice grains | Leksungnoen et al, |
| Palm thread | 200-300 | FeSO4 and silicasol | Open field | 1.5 t/hm2 | 6.00 | Mixed with soil and foliar | Tianyou 998 | Decreases grain As content under Si and Fe-BC treatments | Pan et al, |
| Lodestone, carbide slag | 550-600 | - | Field | 9.59- 12.86 | Mixed with soil | Zhongzao 39 | Restricts As mobilization up to 52% | Liu et al, | |
| Rice husk, cordgrass | 600 | SiO2 | Greenhouse | 0.5 g/g | - | Mixed with soil | Yongyou 538 | Reduces grain As up to 16% | Jin et al, 2020 |
| Silkworm excrement | 500 | FeSO4 | Greenhouse | 0.5, 0.75, 0.83 and 1.00 g/g | 9.4 | Mixed with soil | Baiyou 1191 | Reduces As content in straw, husk and grains; Fe(II) reduces As translocation | Rong et al, |
| Rice husk, corn stalk, bamboo offcut, camphorwood chip | 550 | K3PO4 | Laboratory | 0%, 3%, 5% and 10% | 7.61- 9.23 | Mixed with soil | - | Increases mobility and level of As(V) | Zhang et al, |
| Corn stalk | 600 | Fe-Mn-CeO2 | Greenhouse | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | 8.91- 9.72 | Mixed with soil | Xiangyu 24 | Reduces As bioavailability by enhancing oxidation of As(III) to As(V) | Zhang et al, |
| Fe0 amended biochar | - | Fe0 | Mothproof screen cage | 1.2% | 6.3 and 9.7 | Mixed with soil | Jiangliangyou 1377 | Reduces As in brown rice | Islam et al, |
| Corn stem | 600 | Fe-Mn-La | Laboratory | 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% | - | Mixed with soil | - | Significantly decreases As(III) content in rice soils | Lin et al, |
| Rice straw, toria stover | - | - | Greenhouse | 1% and 2% | - | Mixed with soil | - | Decreases grain As concentration | Medhi et al, |
| Rice hull | 600 | - | Laboratory | 1 g/g | 9.81 ± 0.09 | Mixed with soil | Jayanthi | Substantially reduces tAs and iAs in grains | Kumarathilaka et al, |
| P. orientalis Linn branch | 650 | FeCl3·6H2O | Laboratory | 3 g/g | 4.41- 9.25 | Mixed with soil | Xiushui 519 | Decreases As in straw and grain | Wen et al, |
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