Rice Science ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 142-158.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.004
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Ayut Kongpun1, Tonapha Pusadee2, Pennapa Jaksomsak2, Kawiporn Chinachanta2, Patcharin Tuiwong2, Phukjira Chan-In2, Sawika Konsaeng3, Wasu Pathom-Aree4, Suchila Utasee2, Benjamaporn Wangkaew2, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai2,5(
)
Received:2023-05-24
Accepted:2023-11-02
Online:2024-03-28
Published:2024-04-11
Contact:
Chanakan PROM-U-THAI (chanakan.p@cmu.ac.th)
Ayut Kongpun, Tonapha Pusadee, Pennapa Jaksomsak, Kawiporn Chinachanta, Patcharin Tuiwong, Phukjira Chan-In, Sawika Konsaeng, Wasu Pathom-Aree, Suchila Utasee, Benjamaporn Wangkaew, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Controlling Grain Aroma along Value Chain of Fragrant Rice: A Review[J]. Rice Science, 2024, 31(2): 142-158.
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| Rice variety | Country | 2AP concentration in grains | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | |||
| Pare Wangi | Indonesia | 2.01 µg/kg | 3.07 µg/kg | Arsa et al, |
| Basmati | China | 12.64 µg/kg | 21.27 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Basmati 385 | China | 25.59 µg/kg | 136.29 µg/kg | Deng et al, |
| Nongxiang 18 | China | 13.34 µg/kg | 21.78 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Nongxiang 18 | China | 17.95 µg/kg | 66.48 µg/kg | Deng et al, |
| Xiangyaxiangzhan | China | 0.60 mg/kg | 0.90 mg/kg | Luo et al, |
| Xiangyaxiangzhan | China | 5.35 mg/kg | 7.50 mg/kg | Li Y Z et al, |
| Guixiangzhan | China | 0.80 mg/kg | 3.20 mg/kg | Gui et al, |
| Yungengyou 14 | China | 26.58 µg/kg | 39.26 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Yuxiangyouzhan | China | 1.10 mg/kg | 1.30 mg/kg | Gui et al, |
| Yuxiangyouzhan | China | 6.71 mg/kg | 8.58 mg/kg | Li Y Z et al, |
| Aychade | France | 0.59 mg/kg | 1.00 mg/kg | Poonlaphdecha et al, |
| Pathum Thani 1 | Thailand | 0.88 mg/kg | 1.32 mg/kg | Kongpun and Prom-u-Thai, |
| RD22 | Thailand | 2.89 mg/kg | 3.55 mg/kg | Kongpun and Prom-u-Thai, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 2.00 mg/kg | 20.00 mg/kg | Sansenya et al, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 4.16 mg/kg | 5.15 mg/kg | Kongpun et al, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 0.49 mg/kg | 13.69 mg/kg | Chinachanta et al, |
Table 1. Range of grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) content in various fragrant rice varieties reported from different countries.
| Rice variety | Country | 2AP concentration in grains | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | |||
| Pare Wangi | Indonesia | 2.01 µg/kg | 3.07 µg/kg | Arsa et al, |
| Basmati | China | 12.64 µg/kg | 21.27 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Basmati 385 | China | 25.59 µg/kg | 136.29 µg/kg | Deng et al, |
| Nongxiang 18 | China | 13.34 µg/kg | 21.78 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Nongxiang 18 | China | 17.95 µg/kg | 66.48 µg/kg | Deng et al, |
| Xiangyaxiangzhan | China | 0.60 mg/kg | 0.90 mg/kg | Luo et al, |
| Xiangyaxiangzhan | China | 5.35 mg/kg | 7.50 mg/kg | Li Y Z et al, |
| Guixiangzhan | China | 0.80 mg/kg | 3.20 mg/kg | Gui et al, |
| Yungengyou 14 | China | 26.58 µg/kg | 39.26 µg/kg | Mo et al, |
| Yuxiangyouzhan | China | 1.10 mg/kg | 1.30 mg/kg | Gui et al, |
| Yuxiangyouzhan | China | 6.71 mg/kg | 8.58 mg/kg | Li Y Z et al, |
| Aychade | France | 0.59 mg/kg | 1.00 mg/kg | Poonlaphdecha et al, |
| Pathum Thani 1 | Thailand | 0.88 mg/kg | 1.32 mg/kg | Kongpun and Prom-u-Thai, |
| RD22 | Thailand | 2.89 mg/kg | 3.55 mg/kg | Kongpun and Prom-u-Thai, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 2.00 mg/kg | 20.00 mg/kg | Sansenya et al, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 4.16 mg/kg | 5.15 mg/kg | Kongpun et al, |
| Khao Dawk Mali 105 | Thailand | 0.49 mg/kg | 13.69 mg/kg | Chinachanta et al, |
| badh2 allele | Mutation | Exon | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| badh2-E1.1 | 2-bp deletion | 1 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E1.2 | 1 SNP at the junction of exon 1 and intron 1 | 1 | Ootsuka et al, |
| badh2-E2.1 | 7-bp deletion in exon 2 | 2 | Shi et al, |
| badh2-E2.2 | 75-bp deletions in exon 2 | 2 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E4-5.1 | 806-bp deletion between exons 4 and 5 | 4 and 5 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E4-5.2 | 803-bp deletion between exons 4 and 5 | 4 and 5 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E7 | 8-bp deletion in exon 7 | 7 | Bradbury et al, |
| badh2-E8 | 7-bp insertion in exon 8 | 8 | Amarawathi et al, |
| badh2-E10.1 | 1-bp deletion | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.2 | 1-bp insertion | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.3 | 1 SNP G→T | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.4 | 1 SNP G→A | 10 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E12 | 3-bp insertion in exon 12 | 12 | He and Park, |
| badh2-E13.1 | 3-bp insertion in exon 13 | 13 | Myint et al, |
| badh2-E13.2 | 1 SNP C→T | 13 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E14.1 | 1-bp insertion mutation in exon 14 | 14 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E14.2 | 1 SNP G→T in exon 14 | 14 | Li W B et al, 2020 |
| badh2-p-5′ UTR | 3-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR | 5′-UTR | Shi et al, |
| badh2-p | 8-bp insertion in the promoter | Promoter | Bindusree et al, |
Table 2. List of 19 alleles of badh2 gene identified in fragrant rice.
| badh2 allele | Mutation | Exon | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| badh2-E1.1 | 2-bp deletion | 1 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E1.2 | 1 SNP at the junction of exon 1 and intron 1 | 1 | Ootsuka et al, |
| badh2-E2.1 | 7-bp deletion in exon 2 | 2 | Shi et al, |
| badh2-E2.2 | 75-bp deletions in exon 2 | 2 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E4-5.1 | 806-bp deletion between exons 4 and 5 | 4 and 5 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E4-5.2 | 803-bp deletion between exons 4 and 5 | 4 and 5 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E7 | 8-bp deletion in exon 7 | 7 | Bradbury et al, |
| badh2-E8 | 7-bp insertion in exon 8 | 8 | Amarawathi et al, |
| badh2-E10.1 | 1-bp deletion | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.2 | 1-bp insertion | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.3 | 1 SNP G→T | 10 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E10.4 | 1 SNP G→A | 10 | Shao et al, |
| badh2-E12 | 3-bp insertion in exon 12 | 12 | He and Park, |
| badh2-E13.1 | 3-bp insertion in exon 13 | 13 | Myint et al, |
| badh2-E13.2 | 1 SNP C→T | 13 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E14.1 | 1-bp insertion mutation in exon 14 | 14 | Kovach et al, |
| badh2-E14.2 | 1 SNP G→T in exon 14 | 14 | Li W B et al, 2020 |
| badh2-p-5′ UTR | 3-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR | 5′-UTR | Shi et al, |
| badh2-p | 8-bp insertion in the promoter | Promoter | Bindusree et al, |
| Group | Genera | Species | Source | 2AP production | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterium | |||||
| Actinobacteria (high GC gram-positive bacteria) | Sinomonas sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (372.76 ± 7.99) µg/kg | Chinachanta et a, |
| Micrococcus sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (96.94 ± 1.49)- (54.04 ± 3.89) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM2-KJ372726 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 30.91 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM43-KJ183067 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 99.06 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM28-KJ143625 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 119.3 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM31-KJ143626 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 90.30 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM34-KJ012191 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 94.04 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. junii NBM24-KJ410756 | Rhizosphere soil of non- Basmati rice, India | 64.80 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Staphylococcus sp. | S. Moniba3 NBM8328-KJ410757 | Rhizosphere soil of non- Basmati rice, India | 47.72 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Low GC gram-positive bacterium | Bacillus | B. cereus | Fermented cacao | 30-75 µg/kg | Romanczyk et al, |
| B. cereus | Rhizosphere soil | 0.03-0.75 µg/kg | Adams and De Kimpe, | ||
| Bacillus sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand. | ND | Chinachanta et al, | ||
| B. cereus ATCC 10702 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | ||
| Lysinibacillus | L. xylanilyticus DB25 | Rhizosphere of aromatic rice, India | No specified amount was indicated | Dhondge et al, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. hilgardii DSM 20176 | - | ND | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. hilgardii | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. brevis | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Pediococcus | Pediococcus sp. | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. plantarum | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Gram-negative bacterium | Burkholderia | Burkholderia sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (254.95 ± 2.48) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, |
| Enterobacter | E. hormaechei AM122 | Rhizosphere of aromatic rice, India | No specified amount was indicated | Dhondge et al, | |
| E. ludwugi | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | ||
| Enterobacter | Enterobacter sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (330.24 ± 1.70) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, | |
| Enterobacter | E. ludwigii BM8-KJ372730 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 54.01 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Fungus | |||||
| Fungus | Acremonium | A. nigricans | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | 2.08 mg/L | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, |
| Aspergillus | A. awamori | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | 1.11 mg/L | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. awamori TISTR3123 | - | 0.914 mg/L | Wongsadee et al, | |
| Aspergillus | A. fumigatus | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Aspergillus | A. niger | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3088 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3232 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3256 | - | 1.323 mg/L | Wongsadee et al, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae | - | ND | Tangjitaree et al, | |
| Aspergillus | terreus | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Rhizopus | R. oryzae | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Yeast | |||||
| Yeast | Kluyveromyces | K. marxianus var. marxianus (Hansen) JCM TISTR 5270 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, |
Table 3. List of microorganisms with reported 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) production.
| Group | Genera | Species | Source | 2AP production | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterium | |||||
| Actinobacteria (high GC gram-positive bacteria) | Sinomonas sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (372.76 ± 7.99) µg/kg | Chinachanta et a, |
| Micrococcus sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (96.94 ± 1.49)- (54.04 ± 3.89) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | - | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM2-KJ372726 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 30.91 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM43-KJ183067 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 99.06 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM28-KJ143625 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 119.3 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM31-KJ143626 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 90.30 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. baylyi BM34-KJ012191 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 94.04 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Acinetobacter sp. | A. junii NBM24-KJ410756 | Rhizosphere soil of non- Basmati rice, India | 64.80 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Staphylococcus sp. | S. Moniba3 NBM8328-KJ410757 | Rhizosphere soil of non- Basmati rice, India | 47.72 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Low GC gram-positive bacterium | Bacillus | B. cereus | Fermented cacao | 30-75 µg/kg | Romanczyk et al, |
| B. cereus | Rhizosphere soil | 0.03-0.75 µg/kg | Adams and De Kimpe, | ||
| Bacillus sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand. | ND | Chinachanta et al, | ||
| B. cereus ATCC 10702 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | ||
| Lysinibacillus | L. xylanilyticus DB25 | Rhizosphere of aromatic rice, India | No specified amount was indicated | Dhondge et al, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. hilgardii DSM 20176 | - | ND | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. hilgardii | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. brevis | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Pediococcus | Pediococcus sp. | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Lactobacillus | L. plantarum | - | 0.001-0.005 mg/L | Costello and Henschke, | |
| Gram-negative bacterium | Burkholderia | Burkholderia sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (254.95 ± 2.48) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, |
| Enterobacter | E. hormaechei AM122 | Rhizosphere of aromatic rice, India | No specified amount was indicated | Dhondge et al, | |
| E. ludwugi | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | ND | Deshmukh et al, | ||
| Enterobacter | Enterobacter sp. | Rice rhizosphere of aromatic rice (KDML105), Thailand | (330.24 ± 1.70) µg/kg | Chinachanta et al, | |
| Enterobacter | E. ludwigii BM8-KJ372730 | Rice rhizosphere soils of Basmati rice, India | 54.01 µg/kg | Deshmukh et al, | |
| Fungus | |||||
| Fungus | Acremonium | A. nigricans | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | 2.08 mg/L | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, |
| Aspergillus | A. awamori | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | 1.11 mg/L | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. awamori TISTR3123 | - | 0.914 mg/L | Wongsadee et al, | |
| Aspergillus | A. fumigatus | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Aspergillus | A. niger | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3088 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3232 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae TISTR 3256 | - | 1.323 mg/L | Wongsadee et al, | |
| Aspergillus | A. oryzae | - | ND | Tangjitaree et al, | |
| Aspergillus | terreus | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Rhizopus | R. oryzae | Basmati rice rhizosphere, India | ND | Shaikh and Nadaf, | |
| Yeast | |||||
| Yeast | Kluyveromyces | K. marxianus var. marxianus (Hansen) JCM TISTR 5270 | Rice rhizosphere, Thailand | ND | Rungsardthong and Noomhoom, |
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