Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidemic and Cardiac Risk Preventive Effect of Pigmented Black Rice Variety Chakhao poireiton in High-Fat High-Sugar Induced Rats

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2023.08.002

Abstract

Abstract:

The present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic, antioxidant and cardiac risk-suppressing effects of Chakhao poireiton (CP), a GI-tagged pigmented black rice from India. In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed that whole rice extracts of CP have potent antioxidant, 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, cholesterol esterase inhibitory, and antilipase effects. An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the ethanol extracts of CP on high-fat high-sugar induced hyperlipidemic rats. The ethanol extract significantly ameliorated lipid parameters and liver enzymes to normal. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-N-acetyl cysteine, C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein a were significantly lower in the extract-treated groups than those in the disease control group. A marked reduction of ApoB/ApoA1 and other atherogenic indices were observed in extract-treated groups. Twelve phenolic compounds, i.e. rosamarinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid etc., were quantified in CP. This study provided the first evidence of the antihyperlipidemic and cardiac risk inhibitory effects of CP, which would be beneficial in preventing and managing hyperlipidemia, associated oxidative stress, and cardiac complications.

Key words: antioxidant, cardiac risk, high fat, high sugar, hypolipidemic, phenolic compound, pigmented rice, whole rice

Raja Chakraborty, Pratap Kalita, Saikat Sen. Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidemic and Cardiac Risk Preventive Effect of Pigmented Black Rice Variety Chakhao poireiton in High-Fat High-Sugar Induced Rats[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(6): 641-651.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Free radical scavenging activities of Chakhao poireiton rice extracts. DPPH•, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazy radical; H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide; NO•, Nitric oxide radical; H2O-CP, Water extract of Chakhao poireiton; EtOH-CP, Ethanol extract of Chakhao poireiton; EtOAc-CP, Ethyl acetate extract of Chakhao poireiton; PetE-CP, Petroleum ether extract of Chakhao poireiton. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3).

Fig. 2. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (A), and cholesterol esterase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities (B) of Chakhao poireiton rice extracts. H2O-CP, Water extract of Chakhao poireiton; EtOH-CP, Ethanol extract of Chakhao poireiton; EtOAc-CP, Ethyl acetate extract of Chakhao poireiton; PetE-CP, Petroleum ether extract of Chakhao poireiton. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 3). In A, ** and *** represent significant differences at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels when compared with the control.

Table 1. Effect of Chakhao poireiton rice extract on lipid profile and kidney function on high fat high sugar induced hyperlipidemia.

Group	Lipid profile (mg/dL)						Liver function test (U/L)
Group	TC	TG	LDL-C	HDL-C	VLDL-C		SGOT		SGPT		ALP
Healthy control	89.78 ± 1.62	85.12 ± 2.17	33.86 ± 1.10	40.80 ± 0.69	17.02 ± 0.43	83.28 ± 3.52		62.45 ± 2.03		163.17 ± 4.51
Disease control	174.32 ± 3.53***	164.22 ± 4.45***	80.23 ± 1.63***	27.21 ± 1.29***	32.84 ± 0.89***	168.76 ± 16.88***		140.40 ± 14.65***		230.32 ± 14.00***
Atorvastatin (2 mg/kg)	115.32 ± 3.66***	100.92 ± 3.54***	35.34 ± 1.40***	42.33 ± 1.72***	20.18 ± 0.71***	101.28 ± 4.35***		97.34 ± 4.19***		186.24 ± 7.69***
EtOH-CP (200 mg/kg)	133.29 ± 4.44**	109.49 ± 5.31***	36.40 ± 2.00***	38.63 ± 1.01**	21.90 ± 1.06***	98.73 ± 3.32***		98.73 ± 3.24***		173.41 ± 6.67**
EtOH-CP (400 mg/kg)	114.61 ± 3.03***	101.33 ± 2.53***	35.98 ± 0.61***	42.20 ± 2.42***	20.27 ± 0.51***	90.33 ± 4.01***		87.82 ± 3.28***		167.80 ± 4.85***

Table 2. Effects of ethanol extract of Chakhao poireiton rice on LDH, CK-NAC, endogenous antioxidants and lipid peroxide.

Group	LDH (U/L)	CK-NAC (U/L)	GSH (µmoL/L)	CAT (U/mg)	SOD (U/mg)	GPx (µg/mg)	PLP (nmoL/mL)
Healthy control	580.33 ± 16.63	303.27 ± 12.37	199.98 ± 2.51	90.90 ± 2.36	84.21 ± 1.96	5.77 ± 0.09	3.13 ± 0.06
Disease control	840.61 ± 33.57***	570.99 ± 9.86***	129.06 ± 2.41***	68.29 ± 2.07***	67.02 ± 2.10***	4.46 ± 0.23***	8.77 ± 0.26***
Atorvastatin (2 mg/kg)	628.33 ± 12.86***	348.86 ± 5.70**	201.14 ± 4.62***	94.91 ± 2.94***	87.92 ± 2.14***	6.22 ± 0.17***	4.03 ± 0.15***
EtOH-CP (200 mg/kg)	645.00 ± 12.87***	409.41 ± 6.43**	179.53 ± 3.51**	81.02 ± 2.03***	82.29 ± 2.22**	5.91 ± 0.24**	4.25 ± 0.19***
EtOH-CP (400 mg/kg)	637.20 ± 15.61***	330.13 ± 10.01***	197.61 ± 5.65***	97.33 ± 2.84***	90.13 ± 1.73***	6.26 ± 0.22***	3.52 ± 0.18***

Fig. 3. Effects of Chakhao poireiton on CRP, Lp(a), ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoB/ApoA1 (A), and on atherogenic indices (B). EtOH-CP, Ethanol extract Chakhao poireiton; CRP, C-reactive protein; Lp(a), Lipoprotein a; ApoA1, Apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, Apolipoprotein B. Data are Mean ± SE (n = 6). ** and *** represent significant differences at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels, when comparing the disease control group with the healthy control group, as well as comparing the extract/standard treated groups with the disease control group (Analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test).

Fig. 4. Profiling of phenolic compounds in Chakhao poireiton.

Fig. 5. Antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and cardiac risk preventing effect of Chakhao poireiton and possible mechanism of action. TG, Triglyceride; MG, Monoglyceride; FFA, Free fatty acid; CH, Cholesterol; HMG CoA, β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA; VLDL-C, Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; IDL-C, Intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-R, Low density lipoprotein receptor; LCAT, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase; GSH, Reduced glutathione; CAT, Catalase; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; GPx, Glutathione peroxide; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; CK-NAC, Creatine kinase-NAC; SGOT, Serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase; SGPT, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; ApoA1, Apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, Apolipoprotein B.

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