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    Additive Effects of QTLs/Genes on Rice Grain Size Traits Revealed by Genetic Comparisons
    He Lei, Liang Wenhua, Hu Jiang, Zhao Chunfang, Yao Shu, Chen Tao, Zhu Zhen, Zhao Qingyong, Lu Kai, Zhao Ling, Zhou Lihui, Qian Qian, Wang Cailin, Zhang Yadong
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 171-175.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.001
    Abstract198)   HTML316)    PDF (3596KB)(846)       Save
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    Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation in Wild Rice Species
    Ayotunde A. Adeosun, Adam H. Price, Gareth J. Norton
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 181-185.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.003
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    Effect of GW8 Gene Editing on Appearance Quality of Erect-Panicle Type (dep1) Japonica Rice
    Mao Ting, Chen Hongfa, Li Xin, Liu Yan, Zhong Shuncheng, Wang Shiyu, Zhao Yizhou, Zhang Zhan, Ni Shanjun, Huang He, Li Xu, Hu Shikai
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (5): 359-363.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2022.12.002
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    OsAMT1.1 Expression by Nitrate-Inducible Promoter of OsNAR2.1 Increases Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Rice Yield
    Jiang Hongzhen, Wang Yamei, Lai Liuru, Liu Xintong, Miao Changjian, Liu Ruifang, Li Xiaoyun, Tan Jinfang, Gao Zhenyu, Chen Jingguang
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 222-234.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.006
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    Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are two main inorganic nitrogen (N) sources during crop growth. Here, we enhanced the expression of OsAMT1.1, which encodes a NH4+ transporter, using the NO3--inducible promoter of OsNAR2.1 and an ubiquitin promoter in transgenic rice plants. Under field condition of 120 kg /hm2 N, agronomic N use efficiency, N recovery efficiency and N transport efficiency, and grain yield of the pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 transgenic lines were increased compared with those of the wild type (WT) and the pUbi:OsAMT1.1 transgenic plants. Under 2.0 mmol/L NO3- + 0.5 mmol/L NH4+ and 0.5 mmol/L NO3- + 2.0 mmol/L NH4+ conditions of hydroponic culture, compared with the WT, both biomass and total N content were increased in the pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 transgenic lines. However, biomass was significantly reduced in pUbi:OsAMT1.1 transgenic plants under 0.5 mmol/L NO3- + 2.0 mmol/L NH4+ condition. The lines expressing pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 exhibited increased OsAMT1.1 expression and 15NH4+ influx in roots under both 2.0 mmol/L NO3- + 0.5 mmol/L NH4+ and 0.5 mmol/L NO3- + 2.0 mmol/L NH4+ conditions. Our study showed that expression of OsAMT1.1 can be promoted when driven by the OsNAR2.1 promoter, especially under high-level nitrate condition, leading to enhancement of NH4+ uptake, N use efficiency and grain yield.

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    Iron Toxicity Tolerance of Rice Genotypes in Relation to Growth, Yield and Physiochemical Characters
    Sheikh Faruk Ahmed, Hayat Ullah, May Zun Aung, Rujira Tisarum, Suriyan Cha-Um, Avishek Datta
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (4): 321-334.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.02.002
    Abstract207)   HTML40)    PDF (3180KB)(607)       Save

    Iron (Fe) toxicity, generated from excess reduced ferrous Fe (Fe2+) ion formation within the soil under submerged condition, is a potent environmental stress that limits lowland rice production. Total 11 diverse Thai rice genotypes, including a recognized tolerant genotype Azucena and a susceptible genotype IR64, were evaluated against 5 Fe2+ levels [0 (control), 150, 300, 600 and 900 mg/L] to screen the tested genotypes for their Fe-toxicity tolerance and to classify them as a sensitive/tolerant category. The evaluation was conducted by a germination study, followed by a polyhouse study on growth, yield and physiochemical performances. Results showed significant variations in Fe2+-tolerance across genotypes. Increasing Fe2+ level beyond 300 mg/L was detrimental for germination and growth of all the tested genotypes, although germination responses were negatively affected at Fe2+ ≥ 300 mg/L. Physiochemical responses in the form of leaf greenness, net photosynthetic rate, membrane stability index and Fe contents in leaf and root were the most representative of Fe2+-toxicity-mediated impairments on overall growth and yield. Difference in physiochemical responses was effectively correlated with the contrasting ability of the genotypes on lowering excess Fe2+ in tissues. Analysis of average tolerance and stress tolerance index unveiled that the genotypes RD85 and RD31 were the closest to the tolerant check Azucena and the sensitive check IR64, respectively. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means clustering revealed three major clusters, with cluster II (four genotypes) being Fe2+ tolerant and cluster I (four genotypes) being Fe2+ sensitive. Principal component (PC) analysis and genotype by trait-biplot analysis showed that the first two components explained 90.5% of the total variation, with PC1 accounting for 56.6% and PC2 for 33.9% of the total variation. The identified tolerant rice genotypes show potentials for cultivation in Fe2+-toxic lowlands for increased productivity. The findings contribute to the present understanding on Fe2+-toxicity response and provide a basis for future genotype selection or rice crop improvement programs against Fe2+-toxicity.

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    Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties in the Global South: A Review
    Julia Checco, Fathin Ayuni Azizan, Jaquie Mitchell, Ammar Abdul Aziz
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 186-206.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.004
    Abstract215)   HTML55)    PDF (38603KB)(599)       Save

    Improved rice varieties (IRVs) play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s. However, the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low. This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages, malnutrition, and poor rice quality. Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters. This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South. Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables (farm size, education, information access and farm location) examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis. Terrain, source of seed and technology-related attributes (perceived yield, maturity, ease of use, marketability and technical efficiency) are more important determinants of adoption, with determinants changing according to adoption type (probability or intensity of adoption), variety type and region. The recommendations for future adoption studies include: incorporating more technology-specific variables, increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types, shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process, and considering the potential biases in analyses. This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.

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    Grain Shape Genes: Shaping the Future of Rice Breeding
    Lu Xuedan, Li Fan, Xiao Yunhua, Wang Feng, Zhang Guilian, Deng Huabing, Tang Wenbang
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (5): 379-404.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.014
    Abstract180)   HTML36)    PDF (18321KB)(566)       Save

    The main goals of rice breeding nowadays include increasing yield, improving grain quality, and promoting complete mechanized production to save labor costs. Rice grain shape, specified by three dimensions, including grain length, width and thickness, has a more precise meaning than grain size, contributing to grain appearance quality as well as grain weight and thus yield. Furthermore, the divergence of grain shape characters could be utilized in mechanical seed sorting in hybrid rice breeding systems, which has been succeeded in utilizing heterosis to achieve substantial increase in rice yield in the past decades. Several signaling pathways that regulate rice grain shape have been elucidated, including G protein signaling, ubiquitination-related pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, microRNA process, and some other transcriptional regulatory pathways and regulators. This review summarized the recent progress on molecular mechanisms underlying rice grain shape determination and the potential of major genes in future breeding applications.

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    Hydrogen Sulfide Improves Rice Seed Germination by Regulating Aluminum Absorption, Internal Antioxidant Enzyme System and Osmotic Balance under Aluminum Toxicity Conditions
    Wei Qianqian, Kong Yali, Xiang Xingjia, Zhu Lianfeng, Liu Jia, Tian Wenhao, Jin Qianyu, Yu Yijun, Zhang Junhua, Zhu Chunquan
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (4): 271-275.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.05.001
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    ORYZA SATIVA SPOTTED-LEAF 41 (OsSPL41) Negatively Regulates Plant Immunity in Rice
    Tan Jingyi, Zhang Xiaobo, Shang Huihui, Li Panpan, Wang Zhonghao, Liao Xinwei, Xu Xia, Yang Shihua, Gong Junyi, Wu Jianli
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (5): 426-436.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.02.004
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    Identification of immunity-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLK) is critical to elucidate the LRR-RLK mediated mechanism of plant immunity. Here, we reported the map-based cloning of a novel rice SPOTTED-LEAF 41 (OsSPL41) encoding a putative LRR-RLK protein (OsLRR-RLK41/OsSPL41) that regulated disease responses to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). An 8-bp insertion at position 865 bp in a mutant spotted-leaf 41 (spl41) allele led to the formation of purple-brown lesions on leaves. Functional complementation by the wild type allele (OsSPL41) can rescue the mutant phenotype, and the complementary lines showed similar performance to wild type in a number of agronomic, physiological and molecular indices. OsSPL41 was constitutively expressed in all tissues tested, and OsSPL41 contains a typical transmembrane domain critical for its localization to the cell membrane. The mutant exhibited an enhanced level of resistance to Xoo in companion of markedly up-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as OsPR10a, OsPAL1 and OsNPR1, while the level of salicylic acid was significantly increased in spl41. In contrast, the over-expression lines exhibited a reduced level of H2O2 and were much susceptible to Xoo with down-regulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes. These results suggested that OsSPL41 might negatively regulate plant immunity through the salicylic acid signaling pathway in rice.

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    Genome-Wide Dissection of Quan 9311A Breeding Process and Application Advantages
    Li Qianlong, Feng Qi, Wang Heqin, Kang Yunhai, Zhang Conghe, Du Ming, Zhang Yunhu, Wang Hui, Chen Jinjie, Han Bin, Fang Yu, Wang Ahong
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (6): 552-565.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.06.004
    Abstract233)   HTML15)    PDF (7015KB)(529)       Save

    Germplasm resource innovation is a crucial factor for cultivar development, particularly within the context of hybrid rice breeding based on the three-line system. Quan 9311A, a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line, has been successfully cultivated using rice restoration materials and extensively employed as a female parent in hybrid breeding program in China. This line was developed by crossing the CMS line Zhong 9A with a two-line restorer line 93-11, with the intention of eliminating the restoring ability of 93-11 while retaining the sterility gene WA352c from Zhong 9A. Quan 9311A effectively amalgamates the most favorable agronomic traits from both parental lines. In this study, the relationship between phenotypic characteristics and the known functional genes of Quan 9311A were analyzed using the rice genome navigation technology based on whole-genome sequencing. The findings revealed that Quan 9311A harbors multiple superior alleles from both 93-11 and Zhong 9A, providing exceptional agronomic traits that are unavailable in earlier CMS lines. Despite the removal of the fertility restorer gene Rf3 from 93-11, numerous chromosomal segments from 93-11 persist in the Quan 9311A genome. Furthermore, the hybrid rice Quanyousimiao (QYSM) and the restorer line Wushansimiao (WSSM) were used as examples to illustrate the important role of Quan 9311A as the female parent in heterosis. It was found that QYSM carries a great number of superior alleles, which accounts for its high grain yield and wide adaptability. These insights not only advanced the utilization of hybrid rice pairing groups but also provided guidance for future breeding endeavors. The study introduced innovative concepts to further integrate genomics with traditional breeding techniques. Ultimately, Quan 9311A signified a significant milestone in rice breeding technology, opening up novel avenues for hybrid rice development.

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    Development and Application of a Novel Functional Marker for Fragrance in Rice
    Sun Pingyong, Zhang Wuhan, Zhang Li, Shu Fu, He Qiang, Xu Na, Peng Zhirong, Zeng Jia, Fang Pengpeng, Deng Huafeng
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 176-180.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.002
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    Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Six Rice Cultivars in Italian Agricultural Ecosystem Managed with Alternate Wetting and Drying
    Veronica Volpe, Franco Magurno, Paola Bonfante, Stefano Ghignone, Erica Lumini
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (4): 348-358.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.02.003
    Abstract152)   HTML192)    PDF (2000KB)(510)       Save

    Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) system, in which water has been reduced by approximately 35% with an increased occurrence of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and no negative impact on rice yield, was proposed to utilize water and nutrients more sustainable. In this study, we selected six rice cultivars (Centauro, Loto, Selenio, Vialone nano, JSendra and Puntal) grown under AWD conditions, and investigated their responsiveness to AM colonization and how they select diverse AM taxa. In order to investigate root-associated AM fungus communities, molecular cloning-Sanger sequencing on small subunit rDNA data were obtained from five out of the six rice cultivars and compared with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data, which were previously obtained in Vialone nano. The results showed that all the cultivars were responsive to AM colonization with the development of AM symbiotic structures, even if with differences in the colonization and arbuscule abundance in the root systems. We identified 16 virtual taxa (VT) in the soil compartment and 7 VT in the root apparatus. We emphasized that the NGS analysis gives additional value to the results thanks to a more in-depth reading of the less represented AM fungus taxa.

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    Rice Storage Proteins: Focus on Composition, Distribution, Genetic Improvement and Effects on Rice Quality
    Long Xinkang, Guan Chunmin, Wang Lin, Jia Liting, Fu Xiangjin, Lin Qinlu, Huang Zhengyu, Liu Chun
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 207-221.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.005
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    Rice storage proteins (RSPs) are plant proteins with high nutritional quality. As the second largest type of storage substance in rice, it is the main source of protein intake for people who consume rice as a staple food. The content and type of RSPs affect the appearance, processing quality and eating quality of rice. These effects involve the distribution of RSPs in rice grains as well as the interactions of RSPs with other components such as starch in rice grains. In the past two decades, some progress has been made in the genetic improvement of RSPs. However, the determination mechanism of protein content and composition in rice is still unclear, and the mechanism of the effect of RSPs on rice quality has not been elucidated. In this review, the composition, biosynthesis and distribution of RSPs, and quantitative trait loci mapping and cloning of RSP genes are summarized, the research progress of the influence of RSPs and their components on rice quality are reviewed, and the research directions in the future are proposed.

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    Screening Rice Germplasm with Different Genetic Backgrounds for Cadmium Accumulation in Brown Rice in Cadmium-Polluted Soils
    Zhang Weixing, Guan Meiyan, Wang Jie, Wang Yulei, Zhang Weigui, Lu Xinzhe, Xu Ping, Chen Mingxue, Zhu Youwei
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (4): 267-270.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.01.009
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    Polyphosphate Accelerates Transformation of Nonstructural Carbohydrates to Improve Growth of ppk-Expressing Transgenic Rice in Phosphorus Deficiency Culture
    Zhu Jinling, Wei Ruping, Wang Xin, Zheng Chaoqun, Wang Mengmeng, Yang Yicheng, Yang Liuyan
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 235-246.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.007
    Abstract101)   HTML4)    PDF (2871KB)(493)       Save

    Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils, a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture. The polyphosphate kinase (ppk) gene -expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line (ETRS) is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation. To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture, ETRS was cultivated in a low inorganic phosphate (Pi) culture medium (15 μmol/L Pi, LP) and a normal Pi culture medium (300 μmol/L Pi, CP), respectively. After 89 d of cultivation in different concentrations of phosphate culture media, the total phosphorus, polyphosphate (polyP), biomass, photosynthetic rate, nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, related enzyme activities, and related gene expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that ETRS had a high polyP amount to promote the photosynthetic rate in LP, and its biomass was almost the same as the wild type (WT) in CP. The NSC content of ETRS in LP was higher than that of WT in LP, but slightly lower than that of WT in CP. PolyP notably promoted the sucrose phosphate synthase activities of ETRS and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes (OsSUT3 and OsSUT4), resulting in inhibiting the transport of sucrose from shoot to root in ETRS. It was concluded that polyP can stimulate the synthesis of NSCs in LP, which improved the growth of ETRS and triggered the biological activities of ETRS to save phosphate fertilizer. Our study provides a new way to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in rice production.

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    LHD3 Encoding a J-Domain Protein Controls Heading Date in Rice
    Liu Qiao, Qiu Linlin, Hua Yangguang, Li Jing, Pang Bo, Zhai Yufeng, Wang Dekai
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (5): 437-448.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.015
    Abstract195)   HTML102)    PDF (4422KB)(488)       Save

    Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice, which critically affects rice ecogeographical adaptation, yield and quality. In this study, a late heading date 3 (lhd3) mutant was screened from the 60Co-γ irradiation mutant library. The lhd3 delayed heading date in rice under both short day and long day conditions. Map-based cloning combined with Mutmap strategy was adopted to isolate the causal LHD3 gene. The LHD3 gene encodes a DNA_J domain protein, which was ubiquitously expressed in various plant organs, and dominant expressed in stems and leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that LHD3 was localized to nucleus, indicating that LHD3 may interact with other elements to regulate the expression of flowering genes. The transcriptions of the heading activators Ehd1, Hd3a and RFT1 significantly decreased in the lhd3 mutant, suggesting that LHD3 may control the heading date through the Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 photoperiodic flowering pathway. The variation and haplotype analyses of the genomic region of LHD3 showed that there were 7 haplotypes in the LHD3 region from 4 702 accessions. The haplotypes of LHD3 can be divided into two classes: class a and class b, and the heading dates of these two classes were significantly different. Further study showed that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNP10 (G2100C) in Hap II and SNP3 (C861T) in Hap VII, may be the functional sites causing early and late heading in accessions. Nucleotide diversity analysis showed LHD3 had been selected in the indica population, rather than in the japonica population. Therefore, the present study sheds light on the regulation of LHD3 on heading date in rice and suggests that LHD3 is a novel promising new target for rice molecular design and breeding improvement.

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    Efficient Improvement of Nutritional Content in Rice Grains by Precise Base Editing of OsROS1
    Xu Yang, Wang Fangquan, Li Wenqi, Wang Jun, Tao Yajun, Fan Fangjun, Chen Zhihui, Jiang Yanjie, Zhu Jianping, Li Xia, Zhu Qianhao, Yang Jie
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (6): 499-503.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.06.002
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    In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Dihydrochelerythrine and Proteomic Analysis in Ustilaginoidea virens
    Wei Qinghui, Cui Daizong, Zheng Baojiang, Zhao Min
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 257-266.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.009
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    Dihydrochelerythrine (DHCHE) is an isoquinoline compound, which has distinct antifungal activity and can induce apoptosis. The antifungal activity of DHCHE against five rice pathogenic fungi was studied in vitro. At the concentration of 7.5 mg/L, DHCHE exhibited the highest efficacy among tested compounds in inhibiting mycelium growth, with an inhibition rate of 68.8% in Ustilaginoidea virens, which was approximately 2.4 times of that of validamycin (28.7%). After exposure to DHCHE, transmission electron micrographs revealed spores showed incomplete organelles, malformed cell walls and nuclear membranes, as well as irregular lipid spheres. Reactive oxygen species accumulation in treated spores was markedly higher than that in control spores. DHCHE induced cell damage increased in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and initiation of apoptosis. The differences of expression levels of Fip1, ACP1, PMS2 and COX13 that are important for oxidative phosphorylation and mismatch repair pathway were significant, which may be some of the reasons for the induction of apoptosis in DHCHE-treated U. virens. The protein levels of Fip1, ACP1, PMS2 and COX13 agreed with protein fold change ratio from parallel reaction monitoring Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed. These findings will help to elucidate the mechanisms associated with antifungal and pro-apoptotic effects of DHCHE on U. virens, thereby aiding the potential development of novel pesticides.

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    Improved Yield Prediction of Ratoon Rice Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Multi-Temporal Feature Method
    Zhou Longfei, Meng Ran, Yu Xing, Liao Yigui, Huang Zehua, Lü Zhengang, Xu Binyuan, Yang Guodong, Peng Shaobing, Xu Le
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (3): 247-256.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.008
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    Pre-harvest yield prediction of ratoon rice is critical for guiding crop interventions in precision agriculture. However, the unique agronomic practice (i.e., varied stubble height treatment) in rice ratooning could lead to inconsistent rice phenology, which had a significant impact on yield prediction of ratoon rice. Multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing can likely monitor ratoon rice productivity and reflect maximum yield potential across growing seasons for improving the yield prediction compared with previous methods. Thus, in this study, we explored the performance of combination of agronomic practice information (API) and single-phase, multi-spectral features [vegetation indices (VIs) and texture (Tex) features] in predicting ratoon rice yield, and developed a new UAV-based method to retrieve yield formation process by using multi-temporal features which were effective in improving yield forecasting accuracy of ratoon rice. The results showed that the integrated use of VIs, Tex and API (VIs & Tex + API) improved the accuracy of yield prediction than single-phase UAV imagery-based feature, with the panicle initiation stage being the best period for yield prediction (R2 as 0.732, RMSE as 0.406, RRMSE as 0.101). More importantly, compared with previous multi-temporal UAV-based methods, our proposed multi-temporal method (multi-temporal model VIs & Tex: R2 as 0.795, RMSE as 0.298, RRMSE as 0.072) can increase R2 by 0.020-0.111 and decrease RMSE by 0.020-0.080 in crop yield forecasting. This study provides an effective method for accurate pre-harvest yield prediction of ratoon rice in precision agriculture, which is of great significance to take timely means for ensuring ratoon rice production and food security.

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    Effects of Root Growth of Deep and Shallow Rooting Rice Cultivars in Compacted Paddy Soils on Subsequent Rice Growth
    Md. Dhin Islam, Adam H. Price, Paul D. Hallett
    Rice Science    2023, 30 (5): 459-472.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.017
    Abstract181)   HTML173)    PDF (1908KB)(446)       Save

    Rice is often grown as multiple seasons in one year, alternating between flooded and upland systems. A major constraint, introduced from the flooded system, is a plough pan that may decrease rooting depth and productivity of follow-on upland rice. Roots penetrating the plough pan under flooded rice system can leave a legacy of weaker root growth pathways. Deeper rooting rice cultivars could have a bigger impact, but no direct evidence is available. To explore whether a deep rather than a shallow rooting rice cultivar grown in a flooded cropping cycle benefited deeper root growth of follow-on rice in an upland, reduced tillage cropping cycle, a simulated flooded paddy in greenhouse was planted with deep (Black Gora) and shallow (IR64) rooting cultivars and a plant-free control. Artificial plough pans were made in between the topsoil and subsoil to form different treatments with no plough pan (0.35 MPa), soft plough pan (1.03 MPa) and hard plough pan (1.70 MPa). After harvest of this ‘first season’ rice, the soil was drained and undisturbed to simulate zero-tillage upland and planted rice cultivar BRRI Dhan 28. The overall root length density (RLD), root surface area, the numbers of root tips and branching of BRRI Dhan 28 did not vary between plough pan and no plough pan treatments. Compared with the shallow rooting rice genotype, the deep rooting rice genotype as ‘first season’ crop produced 19% greater RLD, 34% greater surface area and 29% more branching of BRRI Dhan 28 in the subsoil. In the topsoil, however, BRRI Dhan 28 had 28% greater RLD, 35% greater surface area and 43% more branching for the shallow rather than deep rooting genotype planted in the ‘first season’. The results suggested that rice cultivar selection for a paddy cycle affects root growth of a follow-on rice crop grown under no-till, with benefits to subsoil access from deep rooting cultivars and topsoil proliferation for shallow rooting cultivars.

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