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Effect of Milling and Parboiling Processes on Arsenic Species Distribution in Rice Grains Chiara Fontanella Maria, Martin Maria, Tenni Daniele, Maria Beone Gian, Romani Marco Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 402-408.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.010 Abstract （779）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （883KB）（2756）       Knowledge map    Save This study identified the role of milling and parboiling on arsenic (As) content and its species in large numbers of rice samples. Total As contents were 108 ± 33 μg/kg in polished rice grains (PR), 159 ± 46 μg/kg in unpolished rice grains (UR), 145 ± 42 μg/kg in parboiled polished rice grains (PPR) and 145 ± 44 μg/kg in parboiled unpolished rice grains (PUR). The percentages of inorganic As (iAs) were 66% ± 8% in PR and from 72% to 77% in other grain categories. The polishing process reduced the As content in the rice grains, removing outer part of the UR with high amount of As, whereas the parboiling technique transferred the semimetal content within the grain. Total As and iAs contents were not significantly different in UR, PPR and PUR, homogenizing its distribution inside the grains. The results allowed to understand how different operations affect As fate and its chemical forms in grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Valuation of Rice Postharvest Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Mitigation Strategies Atanga Ndindeng Sali, Candia Alphonse, Lamare Mapiemfu Delphine, Rakotomalala Vohangisoa, Danbaba Nahemiah, Kulwa Kurahisha, Houssou Paul, Mohammed Sow, M. Jarju Ousman, S. Coulibaly Salimata, A. Baidoo Elvis, Moreira Jean, Futakuchi Koichi Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 212-216.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.001 Abstract （780）   HTML （1610612992）    PDF （647KB）（2530）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Carbon Nanoparticle Exerts Positive Growth Effects with Increase in Productivity by Down-Regulating Phytochrome B and Enhancing Internal Temperature in Rice Panigrahy Madhusmita, Das Subhashree, Poli Yugandhar, Kumar Sahoo Pratap, Kumari Khushbu, C. S. Panigrahi Kishore Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 289-300.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.007 Abstract （912）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （1450KB）（2522）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of carbon nanoparticle (CNP) on rice variety Swarna (MTU7029) were investigated. CNP induced effects similar to shade avoidance response (SAR) of Arabidopsis, with increase in shoot length, root length, root number, cotyledon area, chlorophyll content and total sugar content in rice seedlings. In mature plants, CNP treatment resulted increase in plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, normalized difference vegetation index, quantum yield and root growth. A total of 320 mg of CNP per plant administered in four doses resulted in improved grain traits such as filled grain rate, 100-grain weight, grain length/width ratio, hulling rate, milling rate and head rice recovery. Seeds from the CNP-treated plants showed increase in amylose, starch and soluble sugar contents compared to controls. Strikingly, CNP treatment showed an average of 17.5% increase in yield per plant. Upon investigation to the molecular mechanism behind CNP induction of SAR, a significant downregulation of phytochrome B transcript was found. Decrease in perception of red wavelengths led to responses similar to SAR. Increase in plant’s internal temperature by 0.5 ºC ± 0.1 ºC was recorded after CNP treatment. We suggest that the internalized CNP aggregates may serve to absorb extra photons thereby increasing the internal temperature of plants. Phytochrome B accounts the hike in internal temperature and initiates a feed-back reduction of its own transcription. We suggest that moderate SAR is beneficial for rice plants to improve agronomic traits and yield. It presents a potential non-transgenic method for improving rice yield by CNP treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Editing of Rice Endosperm Plastidial Phosphorylase Gene OsPho1 Advances Its Function in Starch Synthesis Song Liu, Gaoneng Shao, Guiai Jiao, Maodi Zhu, Jiamin Wu, Ruijie Cao, Yujuan Chen, Lihong Xie, Zhonghua Sheng, Shaoqing Tang Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 209-211.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2020.10.001 Abstract （608）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （551KB）（2428）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Agronomic Traits in Upland Rice Rakotoson Tatiana, Dusserre Julie, Letourmy Philippe, Frouin Julien, Ramonta Ratsimiala Isabelle, Victorine Rakotoarisoa Noronirina, Cao Tuong-Vi, Vom Brocke Kirsten, Ramanantsoanirina Alain, Ahmadi Nourollah, Raboin Louis-Marie Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 379-390.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.008 Abstract （726）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （817KB）（2411）       Knowledge map    Save Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for 16 agronomic traits including nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield-related components using a panel of 190 mainly japonica rice varieties and a set of 38 390 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. This panel was evaluated under rainfed upland conditions in Madagascar in two consecutive cropping seasons with two contrasted nitrogen input levels. Using another set of five grain traits, we identified previously known genes (GW5, GS3, Awn1 and Glabrous1), thus validating the pertinence and accuracy of our datasets for GWAS. A total of 369 significant associations were detected between SNPs and agronomic traits, gathered into 46 distinct haplotype groups and 28 isolated markers. Few association signals were identified for the complex quantitative trait NUE, however, larger number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for its component traits, with 10 and 2 association signals for nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency, respectively. Several detected association signals co-localized with genes involved in nitrogen transport or nitrogen remobilization within 100 kb. The present study thus confirmed the potential of GWAS to identify candidate genes and new loci associated with agronomic traits. However, because of the quantitative and complex nature of NUE-related traits, GWAS might have not captured a large number of QTLs with limited effects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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OsbZIP72 Is Involved in Transcriptional Gene-Regulation Pathway of Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction by Activating Rice High-Affinity Potassium Transporter OsHKT1;1 Baoxiang Wang, Yan Liu, Yifeng Wang, Jingfang Li, Zhiguang Sun, Ming Chi, Yungao Xing, Bo Xu, Bo Yang, Jian Li, Jinbo Liu, Tingmu Chen, Zhaowei Fang, Baiguan Lu, Dayong Xu, Kazeem Bello Babatunde Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 257-267.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.005 Abstract （769）   HTML （1140940802）    PDF （1107KB）（2392）       Knowledge map    Save We created CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out and overexpressing OsbZIP72 transgenic rice plants to gain a better understanding of the role and molecular mechanism of OsbZIP72 gene in stress tolerance, which has remained largely elusive. OsbZIP72 was expressed and integrated into rice transgenic plant genomes, and the OsbZIP72 transcript in overexpression lines was elicited by salinity, abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stresses. OsbZIP72 overexpressing plants showed higher tolerance to drought and salinity stresses, while knock-out transgenic lines showed higher sensitivity to these stresses. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-sequencing data encompassed several abiotic stress genes, and the functional classification of these DEGs demonstrated the robust transcriptome diversity in OsbZIP72. Yeast one-hybrid, along with luciferase assay, indicated that OsbZIP72 acted as a transcriptional initiator. Remarkably, electrophoresis mobility assay revealed that OsbZIP72 bound directly to the ABA- responsive element in the OsHKT1;1 promoter region and activated its transcription. Overall, our findings revealed that OsbZIP72 can act as a transcriptional modulator with the ability to induce the expression of OsHKT1;1 in response to environmental stress through an ABA-dependent regulatory pathway, indicating that OsbZIP72 can play a crucial role in the ABA-mediated salt and drought tolerance pathway in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Combined Drought and Heat Stress in Rice: Responses, Phenotyping and Strategies to Improve Tolerance Vera Jesus Da Costa Maria, Ramegowda Yamunarani, Ramegowda Venkategowda, N. Karaba Nataraja, M. Sreeman Sheshshayee, Udayakumar Makarla Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 233-242.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.003 Abstract （642）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （740KB）（2360）       Knowledge map    Save Simultaneous occurrence of drought and heat stress will have significant negative impact on rice yield, especially under upland conditions. The projected increase in global temperatures and reduced precipitation will increase the frequency of occurrence and intensity of these stresses, threatening rice production. Despite recognizing the importance of combined stress in rice, the knowledge generated in this area is very limited. Though complex, understanding combined stress tolerance of rice under water saving cultivation is more critical towards development of climate resilient rice cultivars. Here, we summarized the effects of combined stress on rice physiology with more emphasis on reproductive stage. Omics responses, phenotyping and physiology challenges and potential strategies for improving combined stress tolerance in rice are also discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET 4 (MFS4) Regulates Spikelet Development and Grain Size in Rice Yan Wang, Xiaoqin Zeng, Lu Lu, Qinglan Cheng, Fayu Yang, Mingjiang Huang, Mao Xiong, Yunfeng Li Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 344-357.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.005 Abstract （751）   HTML （1090519041）    PDF （1726KB）（2302）       Knowledge map    Save In rice, the spikelet is the basic unit of inflorescence, and its development is important for determining the grain yield and quality. We reported a rice spikelet mutant multi-floret spikelet 4 (mfs4) which resulted in the production of extra floral organs or a whole extra floret, and elongated sterile lemmas. The results suggested that the mutation of the MFS4 gene interfered with spikelet meristem determinacy and floral organ identity. In addition, the plant height and the grain length and width in the mfs4 mutant were all less than those in the wild type. Using the bulked segregant analysis method, the MFS4 gene was localized in a 557-kb region on the long arm of chromosome 1. Sequence analysis showed that there was a C-base deletion at the open reading frame of LOC_Os01g67430. Further tests indicated that a wild type copy of LOC_Os01g67430 was able to reverse the mfs4 defects, which indicated that LOC_Os01g67430 was the MFS4 gene. The MFS4 gene encodes a lipase located in the mitochondria and is expressed strongly in the young inflorescence. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of some genes that were known to regulate spikelet meristem determinacy and grain size were decreased in the mfs4 mutant, which indicated that the MFS4 gene regulates spikelet meristem determinacy and grain size by modulating the expression of these genes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Suberin Biopolymer in Rice Root Exodermis Reinforces Preformed Barrier Against Meloidogyne graminicola Infection Singh Divya, K. Dutta Tushar, N. Shivakumara Tagginahalli, Dash Manoranjan, Bollinedi Haritha, Rao Uma Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 301-312.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.008 Abstract （776）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （951KB）（2287）       Knowledge map    Save Exploration of novel genetic resources against root-knot nematode (RKN) is necessary to strengthen the resistance breeding program in cultivated rice, and investigations on the role of genotype-specific root anatomy in conferring a structural barrier against nematode invasion are largely underexplored. Here, we reported a highly-resistant rice germplasm Phule Radha that conferred remarkably lower RKN parasitic fitness in terms of reduced penetration and delayed development and reproduction when compared with susceptible cultivar PB1121. Using histological and biochemical analyses, we demonstrated that an enhanced suberin deposition in the exodermal root tip tissue of Phule Radha compared to PB1121 can effectively form a penetrative barrier against RKN infection, and this preformed barrier in the control tissue did not necessarily alter to a greater extent when challenged with RKN stress. Using qRT-PCR analysis, we showed that a number of suberin biosynthesis genes were greatly expressed in the exodermis of Phule Radha compared to PB1121. In sum, the present study established the role of rice exodermal barrier system in defense against an important soil-borne pathogen. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of Inherited Resistance Genes of Bacterial Leaf Blight, Blast and Drought Tolerance in Improved Rice Lines Silas Akos Ibrahim, Y. Rafii Mohd, Razi Ismail Mohd, Izan Ramlee Shairul, Abd Aziz Shamsudin Noraziyah, Ramli Asfaliza, Chibuike Chukwu Samuel, Swaray Senesie, Jalloh Momodu Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 279-288.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2020.08.001 Abstract （589）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （623KB）（2271）       Knowledge map    Save Improved rice lines were developed frome three parents with the resistance or tolerance to bacterial leaf blight, blast and drought stress, respectively, using single-, double- and three-way crosses. The improved lines were assessed for agro-morphological and yield traits under non-drought stress (NS) and reproductive-stage drought stress (RS) treatments. The mean comparison of traits measured between parent plants and progenies (improved lines) were similar, and there were significant and non-significant differences among the parents and improved lines (genotypes) under NS and RS. Smilarly, there was significant and non-significant differences in the interaction among both parent varieties and improved lines for NS and RS. Cluster and 3D-model of principal component analysis did not generate categorical clusters according to crossing methods, and there were no exclusive crossing method inclined variations under the treatments. The improved lines were high-yielding, disease resistant, and drought-tolerant compared with their parents. All the crossing methods were good for this crop improvement program without preference to any, despite the number of genes introgressed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction, Health Benefit, and Its Industrial Application Punia Sneh, Kumar Manoj, Kumar Siroha Anil, Singh Purewal Sukhvinder Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 217-232.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.002 Abstract （613）   HTML （1048578）    PDF （748KB）（2269）       Knowledge map    Save Rice bran oil (RBO) is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition, phenolic compound (γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol). It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point, neutral taste and delicate flavour. Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods. Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO2, microwave-assisted, subcritical H2O, enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasound- assisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO. The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed. The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- diabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO. This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food (cooking oil, milk product and meat product) and non-food industries (polymer, lubricant, biofuel, structural lipid and cosmetic). This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods, oil stabilization, existing applications and health benefits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Breeding Novel Short Grain Rice for Tropical Region to Combine Important Agronomical Traits, Biotic Stress Resistance and Cooking Quality in Koshihikari Background Saichompoo Uthomphon, Narumol Possawat, Nakwilai Pawat, Thongyos Peeranut, Nanta Aekchupong, Tippunya Patompong, Ruengphayak Siriphat, Itthisoponkul Teerarat, Bueraheng Niranee, Cheabu Sulaiman, Malumpong Chanate Rice Science    2021, 28 (5): 479-792.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.008 Abstract （703）   HTML （1090519041）    PDF （1751KB）（2238）       Knowledge map    Save Breeding program strategies to develop novel short grain white rice varieties such as japonica (short grain) that introgress biotic stress resistance and high grain quality have been developed using indica rice (Pin Kaset+4 and Riceberry) for applications in japonica rice (Koshihikari) improvement. Four breeding lines showing promising agronomic performance with short grain and low amylose content (< 20%) were obtained. In addition, sensory testing of these breeding lines showed high scores that similar to Koshihikari. Two promising lines, KP48-1-5 and KP48-1-9, which possessed a combination of four genes resistance to different biotic stresses (Bph3 + TPS + Xa21 + Pi-ta) and four genes for grain quality (GS3 + SSIIa + wxb + badh2), were developed using marker-assisted selection (MAS) with the pedigree method. The current study clearly illustrated the successful use of MAS in combining resistance to multiple biotic stresses while maintaining a high yield potential and preferred grain quality. Moreover, the results indicated that this breeding program, which includes crossing temperate japonica with indica, can create novel short grain rice varieties adapted to a tropical environment, like the japonica type. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genomic Prediction of Arsenic Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice: Contribution of Trait-Specific Markers and Multi-Environment Models Ahmadi Nourollah, Cao Tuong-Vi, Frouin Julien, J. Norton Gareth, H. Price Adam Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 268-278.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.006 Abstract （600）   HTML （67108863）    PDF （595KB）（2223）       Knowledge map    Save Many rice-growing areas are affected by high concentrations of arsenic (As). Rice varieties that prevent As uptake and/or accumulation can mitigate As threats to human health. Genomic selection is known to facilitate rapid selection of superior genotypes for complex traits. We explored the predictive ability (PA) of genomic prediction with single-environment models, accounting or not for trait-specific markers, multi-environment models, and multi-trait and multi-environment models, using the genotypic (1600K SNPs) and phenotypic (grain As content, grain yield and days to flowering) data of the Bengal and Assam Aus Panel. Under the base-line single-environment model, PA of up to 0.707 and 0.654 was obtained for grain yield and grain As content, respectively; the three prediction methods (Bayesian Lasso, genomic best linear unbiased prediction and reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces) were considered to perform similarly, and marker selection based on linkage disequilibrium allowed to reduce the number of SNP to 17K, without negative effect on PA of genomic predictions. Single-environment models giving distinct weight to trait-specific markers in the genomic relationship matrix outperformed the base-line models up to 32%. Multi-environment models, accounting for genotype × environment interactions, and multi-trait and multi-environment models outperformed the base-line models by up to 47% and 61%, respectively. Among the multi-trait and multi-environment models, the Bayesian multi-output regressor stacking function obtained the highest predictive ability (0.831 for grain As) with much higher efficiency for computing time. These findings pave the way for breeding for As-tolerance in the progenies of biparental crosses involving members of the Bengal and Assam Aus Panel. Genomic prediction can also be applied to breeding for other complex traits under multiple environments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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SB1 Encoding RING-Like Zinc-Finger Protein Regulates Branch Development as a Transcription Repressor Xiaoqin Zeng, Hui Zhuang, Qinglan Cheng, Jun Tang, Fayu Yang, Mingjiang Huang, Ziyi Wang, Zhongcheng Li, Honghui Zhu, Rui Chen, Guanghua He, Yunfeng Li Rice Science    2021, 28 (3): 243-256.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.04.004 Abstract （498）   HTML （592）    PDF （1691KB）（2182）       Knowledge map    Save Inflorescence structure of rice, including the number and length of branches, and the density of the spikelet, can greatly affect the number of grains per panicle, which is one of the key factors in yield compositions. Here we identified five allelic mutants sb1-1/2/3/4/5 that related to branch development of rice. In these mutants, the branch meristem fate was prolonged sharply, resulting in delay of transition from branches to spikelets, and then increased the numbers of branches and spikelets per panicle. SB1 encodes a nuclear RING-like domain protein of SHI/LRP/SRS family and strongly expressed in branch meristems. The results of protein interaction and chromatin immunoprecipitation further suggested that SB1 directly repressed the expression of DEP1, TAW1, MOC1 and IPA1 by interacting with a co-repressor complex to affect acetylation level of histone H3 on target regions. Thus, we proposed that SB1 is a transcription repressor of branch meristem activity by widely and negatively regulating a series of genes that maintain branch meristem fate. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines and Genetic Dissection of Grain Size Related Locus in Rice Riaz Aamir, Huimin Wang, Zhenhua Zhang, Anley Zegeye Workie, Yanhui Li, Hong Wang, Pao Xue, Zequn Peng, Xihong Shen, Shihua Cheng, Yingxin Zhang Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 322-324.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.003 Abstract （652）   HTML （1073741826）    PDF （474KB）（2179）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Rice Husk Biochar for Achieving Sustainable Agriculture and Environment Asadi Hossein, Ghorbani Mohammad, Rezaei-Rashti Mehran, Abrishamkesh Sepideh, Amirahmadi Elnaz, Chengrong Chen, Gorji Manouchehr Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 325-343.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.004 Abstract （620）   HTML （131072）    PDF （931KB）（2166）       Knowledge map    Save This paper critically reviewed the current knowledge and challenges of rice husk biochar (RHB) production and its effects on soil properties, plant growth, immobilization of heavy metals, reduction of nutrient leaching and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The characteristics of RHBs produced at various pyrolysis temperatures were discussed and compared to biochars derived from other agro- industrial wastes. RHBs produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures show lower hydrogen/carbon ratio, which suggests the presence of higher aromatic carbon compounds. The increase of pyrolysis temperature also results in production of RHBs with higher ash content, lower yield and higher surface area. RHB usually has higher silicon and ash contents and lower carbon content compared to biochars derived from other feedstocks at the same pyrolysis conditions. Although it depends on soil type, RHB application can improve soil organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, available K concentration, bulk density and microbial activity. The effect of RHB on soil aggregation mainly depends on soil texture. The growth of different crops is also enhanced by application of RHB. RHB addition to soil can immobilize heavy metals and herbicides and reduce their bioavailability. RHB application shows a significant capacity in reduction of nitrate leaching, although its magnitude depends on the biochar application rate and soil biogeochemical characteristics. Use of RHB, especially in paddy fields, shows a promising mitigation effect on greenhouse gas (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emissions. Although RHB characteristics are also related to other factors such as pyrolysis heating rate and residence time, its performance for specific applications (e.g. carbon sequestration, pH amendment) can be manipulated by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature. More research is needed on long-term field applications of RHB to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of RHB as a soil amendment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Steam Pretreatment of Rice Hulls to Release Fermentable Saccharides: An Approach to Improve Recovery of (Hemi)Cellulosic Sugars Through Multivariate Design Montipó Sheila, Roslander Christian, Camassola Marli, Galbe Mats, Wallberg Ola Rice Science    2021, 28 (5): 501-510.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.010 Abstract （596）   HTML （2147483647）    PDF （956KB）（2160）       Knowledge map    Save The conversion of rice hulls into fermentable saccharides was explored through steam pretreatment employing 2.5% SO2. The interaction between temperature and time was assessed by means of the response surface method to achieve optimum contents of C6-sugars in water-insoluble solids (WIS) and C5-sugars in the liquor. Pretreatment carried out at 218 ºC for 2.3 min released liquor containing 55.4 g/L of sugars (29.1 g/L of xylose). In parallel, the WIS was subjected to enzymatic saccharification using different solid and enzyme loads via an experimental design: assays using 22.0% WIS and 20.0 filter paper units (FPU)/g led to 90.6 g/L of glucose, corresponding to a yield of 86.4% and an overall yield of 72.4%. The data reported are the highest ever found for such raw material, making it attractive to compete with conventional lignocellulosic biomass. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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OsbZIP09, a Unique OsbZIP Transcription Factor of Rice, Promotes Rather Than Suppresses Seed Germination by Attenuating Abscisic Acid Pathway Chuxin Wang, Chengchao Zhu, Yu Zhou, Min Xiong, Jindong Wang, Huang Bai, Chenya Lu, Changquan Zhang, Qiaoquan Liu, Qianfeng Li Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 358-367.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.006 Abstract （628）   HTML （1310768）    PDF （1077KB）（2148）       Knowledge map    Save We successfully identified a novel and unique OsbZIP transcription factor, OsbZIP09, whose mutants exhibited longer seeds and less severe pre-harvest sprouting than the wild type, but shared similar germination rate as the wild type under normal germination conditions. The expression of OsbZIP09 was induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and declined as the germination process. As a nucleus-localized transcription factor, the conserved binding motif of OsbZIP09 was identified via DNA affinity purification sequencing technique. Further evidences indicated that OsbZIP09 directly enhanced the expression of ABA catabolism gene ABA8ox1, thus reducing ABA accumulation. In addition, OsbZIP09 also directly bound to the promoter of LEA3 gene to inhibit its expression, thus further alleviating the suppressive effect of ABA on seed germination. These results demonstrated that OsbZIP09 likely functions as a brake of the ABA pathway to attenuate the inhibitory effect of ABA on rice seed germination via dual strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Water Management for Improvement of Rice Yield, Appearance Quality and Palatability with High Temperature During Ripening Period Matsue Yuji, Takasaki Katsuya, Abe Jun Rice Science    2021, 28 (4): 409-416.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.05.011 Abstract （807）   HTML （1073741855）    PDF （823KB）（2129）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period, effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield, appearance quality and palatability were investigated. Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation, the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day, and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest. These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity. For the three irrigation types, the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar, however, saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains. The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain, furthermore, the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low. Thus, under high-temperature ripening conditions, soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time. The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Regulation of OsPR10a Promoter Activity by Phytohormone and Pathogen Stimulation in Rice Ersong Zheng, Xuming Wang, Rumeng Xu, Feibo Yu, Chao Zheng, Yong Yang, Yang Chen, Jianping Chen, Chengqi Yan, Jie Zhou Rice Science    2021, 28 (5): 442-456.   DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2021.07.005 Abstract （644）   HTML （1677721599）    PDF （1845KB）（2071）       Knowledge map    Save OsPR10a is one of the well known pathogenesis-related genes in rice, and is induced by multiple plant hormones and pathogens. However, the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to different signals and their crosstalks are still largely unknown. In order to find new players participated in the activation of OsPR10a, we systematically analyzed the basal expression patterns as well as the expression responses of a 2.5 kb OsPR10a promoter in rice transgenic plants after phytohormone and pathogen stimulations. In agreement with the native gene expression, the OsPR10a promoter can drive glucuronidase (GUS) gene expressing in spots of leaf cells, leaf trichomes, lemmas and paleae, germinating embryos, calli and root tips. The leaf expression of OsPR10a::GUS was dramatically increased upon jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinin (CK) treatments, or challenges of the pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Thus, the OsPR10a promoter reported here can faithfully reflect its native gene expression. The effects of several JA and CK responsive OsWRKY genes on the regulation of OsPR10a promoter were then inspected by luciferase transient expression assay, and the JA inducible OsWRKY10 transcription factor was found as a new positive regulator of OsPR10a. However, the key transcription factors of JA and CK signaling pathways, OsMYC2 and B-type response regulators, were not responsible for the activation of OsPR10a promoter. Our findings provided new insights into the regulation of OsPR10a expression during plant-hormone/pathogen interactions, and the OsPR10a reporter system can be useful to unravel novel regulators from both pathogen and host. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）