Rice Science ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2): 148-159.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.01.007
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Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat1, Chaiwat Arjin1, Surat Hongsibsong2, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich3,8, Chutamat Niwat4, Pimsiri Tiyayon5, Sansanee Jamjod6, Supapohn Yamuangmorn7, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai6,7, Korawan Sringarm1,7,8()
Received:
2022-05-29
Accepted:
2022-11-03
Online:
2023-03-28
Published:
2023-01-16
Contact:
Korawan Sringarm (korawan.s@cmu.ac.th)
Jiratchaya Wisetkomolmat, Chaiwat Arjin, Surat Hongsibsong, Warintorn Ruksiriwanich, Chutamat Niwat, Pimsiri Tiyayon, Sansanee Jamjod, Supapohn Yamuangmorn, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai, Korawan Sringarm. Antioxidant Activities and Characterization of Polyphenols from Selected Northern Thai Rice Husks: Relation with Seed Attributes[J]. Rice Science, 2023, 30(2): 148-159.
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Variety name | Abbreviation | Pericarp color | Husk color | Ecotype | Endosperm type | Special quality | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buebang 3 CMU | BB3CMU | White | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Vitamin E | 2.09 |
Buebang 4 CMU | BB4CMU | White | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Zinc | 2 |
Bien Koo 5 CMU | BKU5CMU | Purple | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Iron | 1.71 |
K 4 CMU | K4CMU | Purple | Purple | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 2.1 |
Kum Akha 1 CMU | KAK1CMU | Purple | Straw | Upland | Glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 2.5 |
Kum Doi Saket | KDK | Purple | Purple | Wetland | Glutinous rice | Gamma oryzanol | 1.91 |
Khao Dawk Mali 105 | KDML105 | White | Straw | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Aroma | 1.7 |
Kum Chao Morchor 107 | KCCMU107 | Purple | Straw | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 1.99 |
Sang 5 CMU | Sang5CMU | Purple | Straw with brown line | Upland | Glutinous rice | Phenol | 1.79 |
Pieisu 1 CMU | PES1CMU | Purple | Straw with brown line | Upland | Glutinous rice | Anthocyanin | 2.44 |
Rice Department 6 | RD6 | White | Straw | Wetland | Glutinous rice | Aroma | 2.25 |
Yamuechaebia 3 CMU | YM3CMU | Red | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Gamma oryzanol | 2.14 |
Table 1. Rice varieties with special grain quality.
Variety name | Abbreviation | Pericarp color | Husk color | Ecotype | Endosperm type | Special quality | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buebang 3 CMU | BB3CMU | White | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Vitamin E | 2.09 |
Buebang 4 CMU | BB4CMU | White | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Zinc | 2 |
Bien Koo 5 CMU | BKU5CMU | Purple | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Iron | 1.71 |
K 4 CMU | K4CMU | Purple | Purple | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 2.1 |
Kum Akha 1 CMU | KAK1CMU | Purple | Straw | Upland | Glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 2.5 |
Kum Doi Saket | KDK | Purple | Purple | Wetland | Glutinous rice | Gamma oryzanol | 1.91 |
Khao Dawk Mali 105 | KDML105 | White | Straw | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Aroma | 1.7 |
Kum Chao Morchor 107 | KCCMU107 | Purple | Straw | Wetland | Non-glutinous rice | Antioxidant | 1.99 |
Sang 5 CMU | Sang5CMU | Purple | Straw with brown line | Upland | Glutinous rice | Phenol | 1.79 |
Pieisu 1 CMU | PES1CMU | Purple | Straw with brown line | Upland | Glutinous rice | Anthocyanin | 2.44 |
Rice Department 6 | RD6 | White | Straw | Wetland | Glutinous rice | Aroma | 2.25 |
Yamuechaebia 3 CMU | YM3CMU | Red | Straw | Upland | Non-glutinous rice | Gamma oryzanol | 2.14 |
Variety | ABTS | DPPH | FRAP | Total phenolic content | Total flavonoid content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mmol/(L·g) TE] | [mmol/(L·g) TE] | [mmol/(L·g) Fe2+] | (mg/g GE) | (mg/g CE) | |
BB3CMU | 252.34 ± 3.90 h | 4.39 ± 0.77 b | 0.46 ± 0.09 de | 16.53 ± 1.83 d | 4.58 ± 0.00 cd |
BB4CMU | 385.95 ± 6.18 f | 3.24 ± 0.15 d | 0.53 ± 0.15 bcd | 15.86 ± 0.34 d | 4.01 ± 0.13 cd |
BKU5CMU | 159.06 ± 6.17 j | 2.55 ± 0.11 fgh | 0.31 ± 0.07 f | 10.63 ± 1.00 f | 3.78 ± 0.08 cd |
K4CMU | 515.79 ± 4.14 c | 4.81 ± 0.25 a | 0.60 ± 0.12 bc | 21.90 ± 1.18 b | 8.37 ± 0.65 b |
KAK1CMU | 409.90 ± 21.26 e | 3.82 ± 0.25 c | 0.63 ± 0.10 b | 20.18 ± 0.54 bc | 9.04 ± 0.32 b |
KDK | 436.37 ± 11.72 d | 2.77 ± 0.15 efg | 0.60 ± 0.11 bc | 20.79 ± 2.11 b | 5.78 ± 4.02 c |
KDML105 | 359.48 ± 5.69 g | 2.23 ± 0.06 h | 0.47 ± 0.08 cde | 15.38 ± 0.94 de | 4.36 ± 0.09 cd |
KCCMU107 | 191.83 ± 3.90 i | 3.01 ± 0.33 de | 0.39 ± 0.08 ef | 14.75 ± 1.16 de | 3.29 ± 0.09 d |
Sang5CMU | 546.04 ± 10.43 b | 2.90 ± 0.17 def | 0.53 ± 0.09 bcd | 18.66 ± 0.80 c | 4.68 ± 3.27 cd |
PES1CMU | 679.66 ± 19.96 a | 4.16 ± 0.18 b | 0.87 ± 0.16 a | 29.90 ± 3.52 a | 12.16 ± 3.51 a |
RD6 | 164.10 ± 24.85 j | 2.64 ± 0.24 fg | 0.43 ± 0.10 def | 13.56 ± 0.98 e | 3.36 ± 0.34 cd |
YM3CMU | 166.62 ± 12.35 j | 2.41 ± 0.12 gh | 0.37 ± 0.10 ef | 11.39 ± 0.32 f | 3.36 ± 0.54 cd |
Table 2. Antioxidant activities, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of rice husk extracts.
Variety | ABTS | DPPH | FRAP | Total phenolic content | Total flavonoid content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[mmol/(L·g) TE] | [mmol/(L·g) TE] | [mmol/(L·g) Fe2+] | (mg/g GE) | (mg/g CE) | |
BB3CMU | 252.34 ± 3.90 h | 4.39 ± 0.77 b | 0.46 ± 0.09 de | 16.53 ± 1.83 d | 4.58 ± 0.00 cd |
BB4CMU | 385.95 ± 6.18 f | 3.24 ± 0.15 d | 0.53 ± 0.15 bcd | 15.86 ± 0.34 d | 4.01 ± 0.13 cd |
BKU5CMU | 159.06 ± 6.17 j | 2.55 ± 0.11 fgh | 0.31 ± 0.07 f | 10.63 ± 1.00 f | 3.78 ± 0.08 cd |
K4CMU | 515.79 ± 4.14 c | 4.81 ± 0.25 a | 0.60 ± 0.12 bc | 21.90 ± 1.18 b | 8.37 ± 0.65 b |
KAK1CMU | 409.90 ± 21.26 e | 3.82 ± 0.25 c | 0.63 ± 0.10 b | 20.18 ± 0.54 bc | 9.04 ± 0.32 b |
KDK | 436.37 ± 11.72 d | 2.77 ± 0.15 efg | 0.60 ± 0.11 bc | 20.79 ± 2.11 b | 5.78 ± 4.02 c |
KDML105 | 359.48 ± 5.69 g | 2.23 ± 0.06 h | 0.47 ± 0.08 cde | 15.38 ± 0.94 de | 4.36 ± 0.09 cd |
KCCMU107 | 191.83 ± 3.90 i | 3.01 ± 0.33 de | 0.39 ± 0.08 ef | 14.75 ± 1.16 de | 3.29 ± 0.09 d |
Sang5CMU | 546.04 ± 10.43 b | 2.90 ± 0.17 def | 0.53 ± 0.09 bcd | 18.66 ± 0.80 c | 4.68 ± 3.27 cd |
PES1CMU | 679.66 ± 19.96 a | 4.16 ± 0.18 b | 0.87 ± 0.16 a | 29.90 ± 3.52 a | 12.16 ± 3.51 a |
RD6 | 164.10 ± 24.85 j | 2.64 ± 0.24 fg | 0.43 ± 0.10 def | 13.56 ± 0.98 e | 3.36 ± 0.34 cd |
YM3CMU | 166.62 ± 12.35 j | 2.41 ± 0.12 gh | 0.37 ± 0.10 ef | 11.39 ± 0.32 f | 3.36 ± 0.54 cd |
Variable | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | 0.441 | 0.427 | -0.645 | -0.45 |
DPPH | 0.377 | -0.872 | -0.294 | -0.02 |
FRAP | 0.472 | 0.213 | 0.15 | 0.554 |
Flavonoid | 0.461 | -0.021 | 0.689 | -0.559 |
Phenolic | 0.478 | 0.105 | 0.015 | 0.422 |
Table 3. Eigen analysis of the loadings of significant principal components (PCs) for antioxidants, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents in rice husk samples.
Variable | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | 0.441 | 0.427 | -0.645 | -0.45 |
DPPH | 0.377 | -0.872 | -0.294 | -0.02 |
FRAP | 0.472 | 0.213 | 0.15 | 0.554 |
Flavonoid | 0.461 | -0.021 | 0.689 | -0.559 |
Phenolic | 0.478 | 0.105 | 0.015 | 0.422 |
Fig. 2. Principle component analysis (PCA) of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid contents in rice husk. A, Score plot of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. B, Biplot acclimations labeled as endosperm type. C, Score plot acclimations labeled as ecotype. D, Score plot acclimations labeled as husk color.
Variable | DPPH | FRAP | TFC | Total phenolic content |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | 0.497 | 0.907** | 0.795** | 0.909** |
DPPH | 0.583* | 0.671* | 0.643* | |
FRAP | 0.913** | 0.977** | ||
TFC | 0.914** |
Table 4. Pearson correlation analysis of antioxidants, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents in rice husks categorized by endosperm type.
Variable | DPPH | FRAP | TFC | Total phenolic content |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | 0.497 | 0.907** | 0.795** | 0.909** |
DPPH | 0.583* | 0.671* | 0.643* | |
FRAP | 0.913** | 0.977** | ||
TFC | 0.914** |
Variety | Caffeic acid | EG | o-coumaric acid | Quercetin | Phytic acid | Ferulic acid | CA | Kaempferol | HA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB3CMU | 0.21 ± 0.02 de | 0.35 ± 0.00 h | 1.95 ± 0.08 cdef | 0.25 ± 0.00 ef | 15.45 ± 0.09 g | 0.34 ± 0.02 fg | 0.33 ± 0.14 c | 1.79 ± 0.01 e | 0.40 ± 0.02 f |
BB4CMU | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | 0.45 ± 0.02 fg | 2.81 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 f | 21.79 ± 0.07 e | 1.36 ± 0.15 a | 0.35 ± 0.12 c | 0.75 ± 0.01 g | 0.62 ± 0.04 c |
BKU5CMU | 0.16 ± 0.02 f | 0.40 ± 0.01 gh | 2.14 ± 0.67 bcd | 0.25 ± 0.01 ef | 5.68 ± 0.24 h | 0.39 ± 0.04 fg | 0.23 ± 0.07 c | 1.25 ± 0.20 f | 0.60 ± 0.04 ed |
K4CMU | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.82 ± 0.03 e | 1.54 ± 0.08 fg | 0.61 ± 0.01 b | 31.40 ± 0.48 d | 0.32 ± 0.01 g | 2.05 ± 0.25 a | 3.63 ± 0.16 a | 1.07 ± 0.03 a |
KAK1CMU | 0.18 ± 0.06 ef | 1.45 ± 0.00 c | 2.44 ± 0.07 abc | 0.46 ± 0.01 c | 14.75 ± 0.44 g | 0.43 ± 0.00 efg | 0.81 ± 0.03 b | 0.56 ± 0.06 h | 0.55 ± 0.02 de |
KDK | 0.16 ± 0.01 ef | 0.15 ± 0.00 i | 0.37 ± 0.01 i | 0.27 ± 0.00 de | 6.99 ± 0.03 h | 0.18 ± 0.00 h | 0.15 ± 0.00 c | 0.32 ± 0.00 i | 0.23 ± 0.01 g |
KDML105 | 0.40 ± 0.01 ab | 0.50 ± 0.02 f | 1.00 ± 0.03 h | 0.18 ± 0.00 g | 6.57 ± 0.13 h | 0.60 ± 0.04 d | 0.80 ± 0.07 b | 2.92 ± 0.03 c | 0.40 ± 0.01 f |
KCCMU107 | 0.30 ± 0.00 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 i | 1.14 ± 0.01 gh | 0.24 ± 0.01 f | 67.36 ± 0.86 c | 0.52 ± 0.02 de | 0.25 ± 0.11 c | 2.47 ± 0.02 d | 0.54 ± 0.03 de |
Sang5CMU | 0.20 ± 0.03 def | 2.80 ± 0.04 a | 2.49 ± 0.04 ab | 0.59 ± 0.03 b | 19.42 ± 0.34 f | 0.76 ± 0.04 bc | 1.90 ± 0.10 a | 0.13 ± 0.00 j | 0.53 ± 0.01 e |
PES1CMU | 0.25 ± 0.02 d | 0.94 ± 0.00 d | 1.62 ± 0.00 ef | 0.69 ± 0.02 a | 5.44 ± 0.03 h | 0.83 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.10 c | 0.21 ± 0.01 i | 0.45 ± 0.02 f |
RD6 | 0.36 ± 0.00 b | 0.46 ± 0.00 fg | 1.80 ± 0.10 def | 0.23 ± 0.01 f | 99.81 ± 1.25 b | 0.45 ± 0.02 ef | 0.92 ± 0.05 b | 3.28 ± 0.04 b | 0.56 ± 0.02 de |
YM3CMU | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 2.60 ± 0.13 b | 2.06 ± 0.19 bcde | 0.29 ± 0.01 d | 118.05 ± 2.09 a | 0.72 ± 0.02 c | 0.94 ± 0.03 b | 3.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.73 ± 0.04 b |
Variety | RA | Catechin | p-coumaric acid | Epicatechin | Naringin | Gallic acid | Naringenin | Rutin | |
BB3CMU | 0.12 ± 0.00 de | 0.61 ± 0.01 d | 0.17 ± 0.00 c | ND | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | ND | ND | 0.33 ± 0.00 a | |
BB4CMU | 0.09 ± 0.00 e | 2.24 ± 0.14 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | ND | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 c | ND | ND | |
BKU5CMU | 0.12 ± 0.07 de | ND | ND | 0.11 ± 0.05 a | ND | 0.17 ± 0.00 e | 0.20 ± 0.02 g | ND | |
K4CMU | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | 0.26 ± 0.03 f | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.11 ± 0.00 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 b | ND | 1.64 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 c | |
KAK1CMU | 0.24 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.11 ± 0.01 e | ND | 7.89 ± 3.47 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 a | ND | ND | |
KDK | 0.12 ± 0.00 de | 0.07 ± 0.02 g | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.38 ± 0.02 d | 0.20 ± 0.00 d | |
KDML105 | 0.16 ± 0.02 cd | 0.36 ± 0.00 e | 0.22 ± 0.00 b | ND | 2.78 ± 1.71 b | ND | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | ND | |
KCCMU107 | 0.11 ± 0.00 e | 0.39 ± 0.01 e | 0.12 ± 0.00 e | ND | 0.06 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.61 ± 0.02 c | 0.30 ± 0.00 b | |
Sang5CMU | ND | ND | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | ND | 6.60 ± 2.15 a | ND | 0.33 ± 0.00 e | ND | |
PES1CMU | ND | 1.73 ± 0.00 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 d | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | |
RD6 | 0.24 ± 0.00 b | ND | ND | ND | 0.85 ± 0.03 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | ND | ND | |
YM3CMU | 0.19 ± 0.00 c | 1.37 ± 0.03 c | ND | ND | 2.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.69 ± 0.05 b | 0.21 ± 0.00 d |
Table 5. Phenolic contents in different varieties of rice husk.
Variety | Caffeic acid | EG | o-coumaric acid | Quercetin | Phytic acid | Ferulic acid | CA | Kaempferol | HA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB3CMU | 0.21 ± 0.02 de | 0.35 ± 0.00 h | 1.95 ± 0.08 cdef | 0.25 ± 0.00 ef | 15.45 ± 0.09 g | 0.34 ± 0.02 fg | 0.33 ± 0.14 c | 1.79 ± 0.01 e | 0.40 ± 0.02 f |
BB4CMU | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | 0.45 ± 0.02 fg | 2.81 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 f | 21.79 ± 0.07 e | 1.36 ± 0.15 a | 0.35 ± 0.12 c | 0.75 ± 0.01 g | 0.62 ± 0.04 c |
BKU5CMU | 0.16 ± 0.02 f | 0.40 ± 0.01 gh | 2.14 ± 0.67 bcd | 0.25 ± 0.01 ef | 5.68 ± 0.24 h | 0.39 ± 0.04 fg | 0.23 ± 0.07 c | 1.25 ± 0.20 f | 0.60 ± 0.04 ed |
K4CMU | 0.36 ± 0.01 b | 0.82 ± 0.03 e | 1.54 ± 0.08 fg | 0.61 ± 0.01 b | 31.40 ± 0.48 d | 0.32 ± 0.01 g | 2.05 ± 0.25 a | 3.63 ± 0.16 a | 1.07 ± 0.03 a |
KAK1CMU | 0.18 ± 0.06 ef | 1.45 ± 0.00 c | 2.44 ± 0.07 abc | 0.46 ± 0.01 c | 14.75 ± 0.44 g | 0.43 ± 0.00 efg | 0.81 ± 0.03 b | 0.56 ± 0.06 h | 0.55 ± 0.02 de |
KDK | 0.16 ± 0.01 ef | 0.15 ± 0.00 i | 0.37 ± 0.01 i | 0.27 ± 0.00 de | 6.99 ± 0.03 h | 0.18 ± 0.00 h | 0.15 ± 0.00 c | 0.32 ± 0.00 i | 0.23 ± 0.01 g |
KDML105 | 0.40 ± 0.01 ab | 0.50 ± 0.02 f | 1.00 ± 0.03 h | 0.18 ± 0.00 g | 6.57 ± 0.13 h | 0.60 ± 0.04 d | 0.80 ± 0.07 b | 2.92 ± 0.03 c | 0.40 ± 0.01 f |
KCCMU107 | 0.30 ± 0.00 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 i | 1.14 ± 0.01 gh | 0.24 ± 0.01 f | 67.36 ± 0.86 c | 0.52 ± 0.02 de | 0.25 ± 0.11 c | 2.47 ± 0.02 d | 0.54 ± 0.03 de |
Sang5CMU | 0.20 ± 0.03 def | 2.80 ± 0.04 a | 2.49 ± 0.04 ab | 0.59 ± 0.03 b | 19.42 ± 0.34 f | 0.76 ± 0.04 bc | 1.90 ± 0.10 a | 0.13 ± 0.00 j | 0.53 ± 0.01 e |
PES1CMU | 0.25 ± 0.02 d | 0.94 ± 0.00 d | 1.62 ± 0.00 ef | 0.69 ± 0.02 a | 5.44 ± 0.03 h | 0.83 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.10 c | 0.21 ± 0.01 i | 0.45 ± 0.02 f |
RD6 | 0.36 ± 0.00 b | 0.46 ± 0.00 fg | 1.80 ± 0.10 def | 0.23 ± 0.01 f | 99.81 ± 1.25 b | 0.45 ± 0.02 ef | 0.92 ± 0.05 b | 3.28 ± 0.04 b | 0.56 ± 0.02 de |
YM3CMU | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 2.60 ± 0.13 b | 2.06 ± 0.19 bcde | 0.29 ± 0.01 d | 118.05 ± 2.09 a | 0.72 ± 0.02 c | 0.94 ± 0.03 b | 3.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.73 ± 0.04 b |
Variety | RA | Catechin | p-coumaric acid | Epicatechin | Naringin | Gallic acid | Naringenin | Rutin | |
BB3CMU | 0.12 ± 0.00 de | 0.61 ± 0.01 d | 0.17 ± 0.00 c | ND | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | ND | ND | 0.33 ± 0.00 a | |
BB4CMU | 0.09 ± 0.00 e | 2.24 ± 0.14 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | ND | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 c | ND | ND | |
BKU5CMU | 0.12 ± 0.07 de | ND | ND | 0.11 ± 0.05 a | ND | 0.17 ± 0.00 e | 0.20 ± 0.02 g | ND | |
K4CMU | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | 0.26 ± 0.03 f | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.11 ± 0.00 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 b | ND | 1.64 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 c | |
KAK1CMU | 0.24 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.11 ± 0.01 e | ND | 7.89 ± 3.47 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 a | ND | ND | |
KDK | 0.12 ± 0.00 de | 0.07 ± 0.02 g | 0.10 ± 0.00 f | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.38 ± 0.02 d | 0.20 ± 0.00 d | |
KDML105 | 0.16 ± 0.02 cd | 0.36 ± 0.00 e | 0.22 ± 0.00 b | ND | 2.78 ± 1.71 b | ND | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | ND | |
KCCMU107 | 0.11 ± 0.00 e | 0.39 ± 0.01 e | 0.12 ± 0.00 e | ND | 0.06 ± 0.00 b | ND | 0.61 ± 0.02 c | 0.30 ± 0.00 b | |
Sang5CMU | ND | ND | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | ND | 6.60 ± 2.15 a | ND | 0.33 ± 0.00 e | ND | |
PES1CMU | ND | 1.73 ± 0.00 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 d | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | |
RD6 | 0.24 ± 0.00 b | ND | ND | ND | 0.85 ± 0.03 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | ND | ND | |
YM3CMU | 0.19 ± 0.00 c | 1.37 ± 0.03 c | ND | ND | 2.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.69 ± 0.05 b | 0.21 ± 0.00 d |
Fig. 3. Principle component analysis (PCA) of polyphenolic profile in rice husk samples. A, Score plot of polyphenolics profile. B, Biplot acclimations labeled as ecotype. C, Score plot acclimations labeled as pericarp color. D, Score plot acclimations labeled as husk color.
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