Rice Science ›› 2017, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (2): 97-108.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.007
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Jini D.1(
), Joseph B.2
Received:2016-04-12
Accepted:2016-07-07
Online:2017-02-10
Published:2016-12-28
Jini D., Joseph B.. Physiological Mechanism of Salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice[J]. Rice Science, 2017, 24(2): 97-108.
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| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
| pH | 7.2 ± 0.0 |
| Temperature (°C) | 28 ± 2 |
| Total hardness (mg/L) | 346 ± 19 |
| Free CO2 (mg/L) | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
| Ca (mg/L) | 82 ± 22 |
| Mg (mg/L) | 34 ± 0 |
| Na (mg/L) | 20 ± 5 |
| Salicylic acid | 0 |
| Sulphate (mg/L) | 111 ± 13 |
| Chloride (mg/L) | 23 ± 2 |
| Specific conductance | 2 340 μS/cm at 2 ºC |
Table 1 Physico-chemical parameters of water used in this study.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
| pH | 7.2 ± 0.0 |
| Temperature (°C) | 28 ± 2 |
| Total hardness (mg/L) | 346 ± 19 |
| Free CO2 (mg/L) | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
| Ca (mg/L) | 82 ± 22 |
| Mg (mg/L) | 34 ± 0 |
| Na (mg/L) | 20 ± 5 |
| Salicylic acid | 0 |
| Sulphate (mg/L) | 111 ± 13 |
| Chloride (mg/L) | 23 ± 2 |
| Specific conductance | 2 340 μS/cm at 2 ºC |
| Property | Low-saline soil | High-saline soil |
|---|---|---|
| Sand (%) | 59 | 72 |
| Clay (%) | 31 | 9 |
| Silt (%) | 10 | 19 |
| Textural class | Sandy clay loam | Loamy sand |
| CaCO3 (%) | 0.84 | 2.61 |
| pH | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 |
| Electrical conductivity (ds/m) | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
| Available P | 61 | 29 |
| Total N | 119 | 76 |
| Total K | 75 | 50 |
| Ferrous (mg/kg) | 4.66 | 3.58 |
| Manganese (mg/kg) | 1.44 | 0.75 |
| Zinc (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Copper (mg/kg) | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Boran (mg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| Exchangeable Na (meq/100 g) | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 2.80 ± 0.32 |
| Exchangeable K (meq/100 g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.15 |
| Exchangeable Ca (meq/100 g) | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 18.5 ± 0.7 |
| Exchangeable Mg (meq/100 g) | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 1.06 |
| Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 5.07 | 14.49 |
| Chloride (%) | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.033 ± 0.005 |
| Salicylic acid | 0 | 0 |
Table 2 Physico-chemical parameters of selected soil samples.
| Property | Low-saline soil | High-saline soil |
|---|---|---|
| Sand (%) | 59 | 72 |
| Clay (%) | 31 | 9 |
| Silt (%) | 10 | 19 |
| Textural class | Sandy clay loam | Loamy sand |
| CaCO3 (%) | 0.84 | 2.61 |
| pH | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 |
| Electrical conductivity (ds/m) | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
| Available P | 61 | 29 |
| Total N | 119 | 76 |
| Total K | 75 | 50 |
| Ferrous (mg/kg) | 4.66 | 3.58 |
| Manganese (mg/kg) | 1.44 | 0.75 |
| Zinc (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Copper (mg/kg) | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Boran (mg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| Exchangeable Na (meq/100 g) | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 2.80 ± 0.32 |
| Exchangeable K (meq/100 g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.15 |
| Exchangeable Ca (meq/100 g) | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 18.5 ± 0.7 |
| Exchangeable Mg (meq/100 g) | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 1.06 |
| Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 5.07 | 14.49 |
| Chloride (%) | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.033 ± 0.005 |
| Salicylic acid | 0 | 0 |
| Variety | Treatment | 1 d | 2 d | 3 d | 4 d | 5 d | 6 d | 7 d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD16 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
| 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 50 ± 0 | 80 ± 0 | 86 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 | 96 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 94 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 20 ± 0 | 37 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5 | 46 ± 5 | 50 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 33 ± 5 | 57 ± 5 | 83 ± 5 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 37 ± 8 | 76 ± 5 | |
| BR26 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
| 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 66 ± 5 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 44 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 54 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 70 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 74 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 93 ± 5 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 5 | 39 ± 9 | 76 ± 5 |
Table 3 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on germination rate against salt stress (Mean ± SD, n = 3). %
| Variety | Treatment | 1 d | 2 d | 3 d | 4 d | 5 d | 6 d | 7 d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD16 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
| 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 50 ± 0 | 80 ± 0 | 86 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 | 96 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 94 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 20 ± 0 | 37 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5 | 46 ± 5 | 50 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 33 ± 5 | 57 ± 5 | 83 ± 5 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 37 ± 8 | 76 ± 5 | |
| BR26 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
| 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 66 ± 5 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | |
| 200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 44 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 54 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 70 ± 0 | |
| 300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 74 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 93 ± 5 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
| 400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 5 | 39 ± 9 | 76 ± 5 |
Fig. 1. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on root length and shoot length of the two rice varieties for salt tolerance during germination.
Fig. 2. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on plant height and leaf area index of the two varieties in low and high saline soils.C, Control; SA, Salicylic acid; L, Low saline soil; H, High saline soil.
| Variety | Treatment | No. of panicles per plant | No. of grains per panicle | No. of filled grains per panicle | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (g/plant) |
| ASD16 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 134.0 ± 13.1 | 125.7 ± 15.4 | 21.60 ± 1.04 | 9.11 ± 2.48 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 224.3 ± 21.6 * | 213.3 ± 24.9** | 21.65 ± 0.38** | 16.29 ± 0.78* | |
| High saline soil | 2.3 ± 0.6** | 66.3 ± 6.7 * | 38.3 ± 2.9** | 21.19 ± 2.45 | 1.91 ± 0.60* | |
| High saline soil with SA | 4.0 ± 1.0** | 158.7 ± 8.1** | 121.3 ± 20.5** | 22.96 ± 1.11* | 11.02 ± 0.85* | |
| BR26 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 67.0 ± 8.5 | 62.3 ± 9.3 | 20.53 ± 0.85 | 4.43 ± 1.45 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 94.7 ± 11.5* | 88.3 ± 8.0*** | 21.77 ± 0.53* | 6.90 ± 0.68* | |
| High saline soil | 2.0 ± 0.0** | 65.0 ± 8.9** | 60.0 ± 7.0 | 19.98 ± 0.80 | 2.41 ± 0.38* | |
| High saline soil with SA | 5.7 ± 0.6** | 104.7 ± 4.2** | 98.7 ± 6.1** | 20.42 ± 0.385* | 11.40 ± 1.19** | |
| Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. | ||||||
Table 4 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on yield and yield components of ASD16 and BR26 in low and high saline soils.
| Variety | Treatment | No. of panicles per plant | No. of grains per panicle | No. of filled grains per panicle | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (g/plant) |
| ASD16 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 134.0 ± 13.1 | 125.7 ± 15.4 | 21.60 ± 1.04 | 9.11 ± 2.48 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 224.3 ± 21.6 * | 213.3 ± 24.9** | 21.65 ± 0.38** | 16.29 ± 0.78* | |
| High saline soil | 2.3 ± 0.6** | 66.3 ± 6.7 * | 38.3 ± 2.9** | 21.19 ± 2.45 | 1.91 ± 0.60* | |
| High saline soil with SA | 4.0 ± 1.0** | 158.7 ± 8.1** | 121.3 ± 20.5** | 22.96 ± 1.11* | 11.02 ± 0.85* | |
| BR26 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 67.0 ± 8.5 | 62.3 ± 9.3 | 20.53 ± 0.85 | 4.43 ± 1.45 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 94.7 ± 11.5* | 88.3 ± 8.0*** | 21.77 ± 0.53* | 6.90 ± 0.68* | |
| High saline soil | 2.0 ± 0.0** | 65.0 ± 8.9** | 60.0 ± 7.0 | 19.98 ± 0.80 | 2.41 ± 0.38* | |
| High saline soil with SA | 5.7 ± 0.6** | 104.7 ± 4.2** | 98.7 ± 6.1** | 20.42 ± 0.385* | 11.40 ± 1.19** | |
| Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. | ||||||
| Variety | Treatment | Carbohydrate (mg/g) | Protein (mg/g) | Ca (mg/g) | P (mg/g) | K+ (mmol/g) | Na+ (mmol/g) | Cl- (mmol/g) | SA (ng/mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD16 | Low saline soil | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 22.2 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 5.2 ± 0.10 | 16.0 ± 0.05 | 81.0 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 58.7 ± 1.5 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 0.25 ± 0.03* | 22.4 ± 0.15 | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 5.0 ± 0.12 | 16.1 ± 0.05 | 80.3 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 58.3 ± 3.5 | |
| High saline soil | 0.19 ± 0.01* | 14.3 ± 0.23*** | 2.3 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.10* | 91.7 ± 1.5** | 31.0 ± 1.7** | 58.3 ± 3.2 | |
| High saline soil with SA | 0.22 ± 0.01* | 23.1 ± 0.23* | 2.9 ± 0.05* | 5.2 ± 0.05* | 15.8 ± 0.10* | 86.0 ± 1.0** | 22.0 ± 2.1* | 58.7 ± 1.2 | |
| BR26 | Low saline soil | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 23.1 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05 | 15.9 ± 0.10 | 85.7 ± 1.2 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 52.0 ± 2.0 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 23.1 ± 0.19 | 2.9 ± 0.10* | 5.1 ± 0.10* | 15.8 ± 0.10 | 82.3 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | |
| High saline soil | 0.10 ± 0.02** | 16.6 ± 0.12** | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.05* | 15.2 ± 0.15* | 93.0 ± 2.0* | 25.0 ± 2.0** | 52.3 ± 2.5 | |
| High saline soil with SA | 0.21 ± 0.04* | 20.6 ± 0.24* | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 4.9 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.05* | 89.0 ± 1.0* | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 53.7 ± 3.2 | |
| Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. | |||||||||
Table 5 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on nutrient content of ASD16 and BR26 seeds.
| Variety | Treatment | Carbohydrate (mg/g) | Protein (mg/g) | Ca (mg/g) | P (mg/g) | K+ (mmol/g) | Na+ (mmol/g) | Cl- (mmol/g) | SA (ng/mg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD16 | Low saline soil | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 22.2 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 5.2 ± 0.10 | 16.0 ± 0.05 | 81.0 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 58.7 ± 1.5 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 0.25 ± 0.03* | 22.4 ± 0.15 | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 5.0 ± 0.12 | 16.1 ± 0.05 | 80.3 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 58.3 ± 3.5 | |
| High saline soil | 0.19 ± 0.01* | 14.3 ± 0.23*** | 2.3 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.10* | 91.7 ± 1.5** | 31.0 ± 1.7** | 58.3 ± 3.2 | |
| High saline soil with SA | 0.22 ± 0.01* | 23.1 ± 0.23* | 2.9 ± 0.05* | 5.2 ± 0.05* | 15.8 ± 0.10* | 86.0 ± 1.0** | 22.0 ± 2.1* | 58.7 ± 1.2 | |
| BR26 | Low saline soil | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 23.1 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05 | 15.9 ± 0.10 | 85.7 ± 1.2 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 52.0 ± 2.0 |
| Low saline soil with SA | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 23.1 ± 0.19 | 2.9 ± 0.10* | 5.1 ± 0.10* | 15.8 ± 0.10 | 82.3 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | |
| High saline soil | 0.10 ± 0.02** | 16.6 ± 0.12** | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.05* | 15.2 ± 0.15* | 93.0 ± 2.0* | 25.0 ± 2.0** | 52.3 ± 2.5 | |
| High saline soil with SA | 0.21 ± 0.04* | 20.6 ± 0.24* | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 4.9 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.05* | 89.0 ± 1.0* | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 53.7 ± 3.2 | |
| Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. | |||||||||
Fig. 3. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on Na+, K+, Cl- and endogenous SA accumulations under salt stress.The concentration of NaCl is 100 mmol/L and that of SA is 1.0 mmol/L.
Fig. 4. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxiadase (POD) for salt tolerance.The concentration of NaCl is 100 mmol/L and that of SA is 1.0 mmol/L.
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