Rice Science ›› 2017, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (2): 97-108.DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2016.07.007
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2016-04-12
Accepted:
2016-07-07
Online:
2017-02-10
Published:
2016-12-28
Jini D., Joseph B.. Physiological Mechanism of Salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice[J]. Rice Science, 2017, 24(2): 97-108.
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Property | Value |
---|---|
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
pH | 7.2 ± 0.0 |
Temperature (°C) | 28 ± 2 |
Total hardness (mg/L) | 346 ± 19 |
Free CO2 (mg/L) | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
Ca (mg/L) | 82 ± 22 |
Mg (mg/L) | 34 ± 0 |
Na (mg/L) | 20 ± 5 |
Salicylic acid | 0 |
Sulphate (mg/L) | 111 ± 13 |
Chloride (mg/L) | 23 ± 2 |
Specific conductance | 2 340 μS/cm at 2 ºC |
Table 1 Physico-chemical parameters of water used in this study.
Property | Value |
---|---|
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
pH | 7.2 ± 0.0 |
Temperature (°C) | 28 ± 2 |
Total hardness (mg/L) | 346 ± 19 |
Free CO2 (mg/L) | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
Ca (mg/L) | 82 ± 22 |
Mg (mg/L) | 34 ± 0 |
Na (mg/L) | 20 ± 5 |
Salicylic acid | 0 |
Sulphate (mg/L) | 111 ± 13 |
Chloride (mg/L) | 23 ± 2 |
Specific conductance | 2 340 μS/cm at 2 ºC |
Property | Low-saline soil | High-saline soil |
---|---|---|
Sand (%) | 59 | 72 |
Clay (%) | 31 | 9 |
Silt (%) | 10 | 19 |
Textural class | Sandy clay loam | Loamy sand |
CaCO3 (%) | 0.84 | 2.61 |
pH | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 |
Electrical conductivity (ds/m) | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
Available P | 61 | 29 |
Total N | 119 | 76 |
Total K | 75 | 50 |
Ferrous (mg/kg) | 4.66 | 3.58 |
Manganese (mg/kg) | 1.44 | 0.75 |
Zinc (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Copper (mg/kg) | 1.3 | 1.5 |
Boran (mg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Exchangeable Na (meq/100 g) | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 2.80 ± 0.32 |
Exchangeable K (meq/100 g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.15 |
Exchangeable Ca (meq/100 g) | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 18.5 ± 0.7 |
Exchangeable Mg (meq/100 g) | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 1.06 |
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 5.07 | 14.49 |
Chloride (%) | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.033 ± 0.005 |
Salicylic acid | 0 | 0 |
Table 2 Physico-chemical parameters of selected soil samples.
Property | Low-saline soil | High-saline soil |
---|---|---|
Sand (%) | 59 | 72 |
Clay (%) | 31 | 9 |
Silt (%) | 10 | 19 |
Textural class | Sandy clay loam | Loamy sand |
CaCO3 (%) | 0.84 | 2.61 |
pH | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 |
Electrical conductivity (ds/m) | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.02 |
Available P | 61 | 29 |
Total N | 119 | 76 |
Total K | 75 | 50 |
Ferrous (mg/kg) | 4.66 | 3.58 |
Manganese (mg/kg) | 1.44 | 0.75 |
Zinc (mg/kg) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Copper (mg/kg) | 1.3 | 1.5 |
Boran (mg/kg) | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Exchangeable Na (meq/100 g) | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 2.80 ± 0.32 |
Exchangeable K (meq/100 g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.15 |
Exchangeable Ca (meq/100 g) | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 18.5 ± 0.7 |
Exchangeable Mg (meq/100 g) | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 1.06 |
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 5.07 | 14.49 |
Chloride (%) | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.033 ± 0.005 |
Salicylic acid | 0 | 0 |
Variety | Treatment | 1 d | 2 d | 3 d | 4 d | 5 d | 6 d | 7 d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD16 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 50 ± 0 | 80 ± 0 | 86 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 | 96 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 94 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 20 ± 0 | 37 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5 | 46 ± 5 | 50 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 33 ± 5 | 57 ± 5 | 83 ± 5 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 37 ± 8 | 76 ± 5 | |
BR26 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 66 ± 5 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 44 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 54 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 70 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 74 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 93 ± 5 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 5 | 39 ± 9 | 76 ± 5 |
Table 3 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on germination rate against salt stress (Mean ± SD, n = 3). %
Variety | Treatment | 1 d | 2 d | 3 d | 4 d | 5 d | 6 d | 7 d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD16 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 50 ± 0 | 80 ± 0 | 86 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 | 96 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 94 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 73 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 20 ± 0 | 37 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 5 | 46 ± 5 | 50 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 33 ± 5 | 57 ± 5 | 83 ± 5 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 37 ± 8 | 76 ± 5 | |
BR26 | Control | 0 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 |
1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 66 ± 5 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
100 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 90 ± 0 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | |
200 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 44 ± 5 | 81 ± 9 | 87 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 97 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 54 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 70 ± 0 | |
300 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 64 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 74 ± 5 | 80 ± 0 | 93 ± 5 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
400 mmol/L NaCl + 1.0 mmol/L SA | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 13 ± 5 | 39 ± 9 | 76 ± 5 |
Fig. 2. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on plant height and leaf area index of the two varieties in low and high saline soils.C, Control; SA, Salicylic acid; L, Low saline soil; H, High saline soil.
Variety | Treatment | No. of panicles per plant | No. of grains per panicle | No. of filled grains per panicle | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (g/plant) |
ASD16 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 134.0 ± 13.1 | 125.7 ± 15.4 | 21.60 ± 1.04 | 9.11 ± 2.48 |
Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 224.3 ± 21.6 * | 213.3 ± 24.9** | 21.65 ± 0.38** | 16.29 ± 0.78* | |
High saline soil | 2.3 ± 0.6** | 66.3 ± 6.7 * | 38.3 ± 2.9** | 21.19 ± 2.45 | 1.91 ± 0.60* | |
High saline soil with SA | 4.0 ± 1.0** | 158.7 ± 8.1** | 121.3 ± 20.5** | 22.96 ± 1.11* | 11.02 ± 0.85* | |
BR26 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 67.0 ± 8.5 | 62.3 ± 9.3 | 20.53 ± 0.85 | 4.43 ± 1.45 |
Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 94.7 ± 11.5* | 88.3 ± 8.0*** | 21.77 ± 0.53* | 6.90 ± 0.68* | |
High saline soil | 2.0 ± 0.0** | 65.0 ± 8.9** | 60.0 ± 7.0 | 19.98 ± 0.80 | 2.41 ± 0.38* | |
High saline soil with SA | 5.7 ± 0.6** | 104.7 ± 4.2** | 98.7 ± 6.1** | 20.42 ± 0.385* | 11.40 ± 1.19** | |
Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. |
Table 4 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on yield and yield components of ASD16 and BR26 in low and high saline soils.
Variety | Treatment | No. of panicles per plant | No. of grains per panicle | No. of filled grains per panicle | 1000-grain weight (g) | Yield (g/plant) |
ASD16 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 134.0 ± 13.1 | 125.7 ± 15.4 | 21.60 ± 1.04 | 9.11 ± 2.48 |
Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 224.3 ± 21.6 * | 213.3 ± 24.9** | 21.65 ± 0.38** | 16.29 ± 0.78* | |
High saline soil | 2.3 ± 0.6** | 66.3 ± 6.7 * | 38.3 ± 2.9** | 21.19 ± 2.45 | 1.91 ± 0.60* | |
High saline soil with SA | 4.0 ± 1.0** | 158.7 ± 8.1** | 121.3 ± 20.5** | 22.96 ± 1.11* | 11.02 ± 0.85* | |
BR26 | Low saline soil | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 67.0 ± 8.5 | 62.3 ± 9.3 | 20.53 ± 0.85 | 4.43 ± 1.45 |
Low saline soil with SA | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 94.7 ± 11.5* | 88.3 ± 8.0*** | 21.77 ± 0.53* | 6.90 ± 0.68* | |
High saline soil | 2.0 ± 0.0** | 65.0 ± 8.9** | 60.0 ± 7.0 | 19.98 ± 0.80 | 2.41 ± 0.38* | |
High saline soil with SA | 5.7 ± 0.6** | 104.7 ± 4.2** | 98.7 ± 6.1** | 20.42 ± 0.385* | 11.40 ± 1.19** | |
Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. |
Variety | Treatment | Carbohydrate (mg/g) | Protein (mg/g) | Ca (mg/g) | P (mg/g) | K+ (mmol/g) | Na+ (mmol/g) | Cl- (mmol/g) | SA (ng/mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD16 | Low saline soil | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 22.2 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 5.2 ± 0.10 | 16.0 ± 0.05 | 81.0 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 58.7 ± 1.5 |
Low saline soil with SA | 0.25 ± 0.03* | 22.4 ± 0.15 | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 5.0 ± 0.12 | 16.1 ± 0.05 | 80.3 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 58.3 ± 3.5 | |
High saline soil | 0.19 ± 0.01* | 14.3 ± 0.23*** | 2.3 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.10* | 91.7 ± 1.5** | 31.0 ± 1.7** | 58.3 ± 3.2 | |
High saline soil with SA | 0.22 ± 0.01* | 23.1 ± 0.23* | 2.9 ± 0.05* | 5.2 ± 0.05* | 15.8 ± 0.10* | 86.0 ± 1.0** | 22.0 ± 2.1* | 58.7 ± 1.2 | |
BR26 | Low saline soil | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 23.1 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05 | 15.9 ± 0.10 | 85.7 ± 1.2 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 52.0 ± 2.0 |
Low saline soil with SA | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 23.1 ± 0.19 | 2.9 ± 0.10* | 5.1 ± 0.10* | 15.8 ± 0.10 | 82.3 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | |
High saline soil | 0.10 ± 0.02** | 16.6 ± 0.12** | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.05* | 15.2 ± 0.15* | 93.0 ± 2.0* | 25.0 ± 2.0** | 52.3 ± 2.5 | |
High saline soil with SA | 0.21 ± 0.04* | 20.6 ± 0.24* | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 4.9 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.05* | 89.0 ± 1.0* | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 53.7 ± 3.2 | |
Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. |
Table 5 Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on nutrient content of ASD16 and BR26 seeds.
Variety | Treatment | Carbohydrate (mg/g) | Protein (mg/g) | Ca (mg/g) | P (mg/g) | K+ (mmol/g) | Na+ (mmol/g) | Cl- (mmol/g) | SA (ng/mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD16 | Low saline soil | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 22.2 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 5.2 ± 0.10 | 16.0 ± 0.05 | 81.0 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 58.7 ± 1.5 |
Low saline soil with SA | 0.25 ± 0.03* | 22.4 ± 0.15 | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 5.0 ± 0.12 | 16.1 ± 0.05 | 80.3 ± 0.5 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 58.3 ± 3.5 | |
High saline soil | 0.19 ± 0.01* | 14.3 ± 0.23*** | 2.3 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.10* | 91.7 ± 1.5** | 31.0 ± 1.7** | 58.3 ± 3.2 | |
High saline soil with SA | 0.22 ± 0.01* | 23.1 ± 0.23* | 2.9 ± 0.05* | 5.2 ± 0.05* | 15.8 ± 0.10* | 86.0 ± 1.0** | 22.0 ± 2.1* | 58.7 ± 1.2 | |
BR26 | Low saline soil | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 23.1 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.05 | 15.9 ± 0.10 | 85.7 ± 1.2 | 15.0 ± 1.5 | 52.0 ± 2.0 |
Low saline soil with SA | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 23.1 ± 0.19 | 2.9 ± 0.10* | 5.1 ± 0.10* | 15.8 ± 0.10 | 82.3 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | |
High saline soil | 0.10 ± 0.02** | 16.6 ± 0.12** | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.05* | 15.2 ± 0.15* | 93.0 ± 2.0* | 25.0 ± 2.0** | 52.3 ± 2.5 | |
High saline soil with SA | 0.21 ± 0.04* | 20.6 ± 0.24* | 2.7 ± 0.10* | 4.9 ± 0.05* | 15.5 ± 0.05* | 89.0 ± 1.0* | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 53.7 ± 3.2 | |
Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (n = 3). Data were subjected to the Paired sample t-test. *, ** and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively. Low saline soil was taken as control and compared with high saline soil and low saline soil with SA; High saline soil was compared with high saline soil with SA to find the significant effect of salt and SA. |
Fig. 3. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on Na+, K+, Cl- and endogenous SA accumulations under salt stress.The concentration of NaCl is 100 mmol/L and that of SA is 1.0 mmol/L.
Fig. 4. Effects of salicylic acid (SA) on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxiadase (POD) for salt tolerance.The concentration of NaCl is 100 mmol/L and that of SA is 1.0 mmol/L.
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