Research Progress on Heat Stress of Rice at Flowering Stage

doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2018.06.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 ºC to 38 ºC with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.

Key words: flowering stage, heat stress, spikelet fertility, high temperature, yield, variety

Yaliang Wang, Lei Wang, Jianxia Zhou, Shengbo Hu, Huizhe Chen, Jing Xiang, Yikai Zhang, Yongjun Zeng, Qinghua Shi, Defeng Zhu, Yuping Zhang. Research Progress on Heat Stress of Rice at Flowering Stage[J]. Rice Science, 2019, 26(1): 1-10.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Duration of high temperature during flowering period of single-season rice at six represent locations of Yangtze River region in China. d

Location	Flowering period	2013		2017
Location	(Month-Day)	≥ 35 ºC	≥ 38 ºC	≥ 35 ºC	≥ 38 ºC
Hangzhou	08-15 to 09-15	9	3	7	0
Hefei	07-15 to 08-15	28	7	24	9
Nanchang	08-01 to 08-30	22	6	15	1
Wuhan	07-15 to 08-15	24	5	20	6
Luzhou	07-01 to 07-30	17	4	18	3
Changsha	08-01 to 08-30	18	6	18	3

Fig. 1. Maximum temperatures in summer of Hangzhou and Hefei, China, in 2013 and 2017. The flowering period is from 15 July to 15 August in Hefei and from 15 August to 15 September in Hangzhou, China.The temperature data were from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System (http://data.cma.cn/).

Fig. 2. Spikelet fertility rates of single season rice cultivars under high temperature treatments. A, Spikelet fertility rate of 42 dominant rice cultivars. B, Spikelet fertility rate of 5 dominant rice cultivars. Data are Mean ± SD (n = 42 in A and 5 in B). Data are from Hu (2013). Different letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Fig. 3. Relative spikelet fertility after high temperature treatment at 1 h before flowering (-1), flowering (0), and 1 h after flowering (+1). Relative spikelet fertility rate (%) = Spikelet fertility rate under high temperature (38 ºC) / Spikelet fertility rate under normal temperature (32 ºC) × 100.Data are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 5). Different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). Data are from Zhou (2014).

Fig. 4. Relationship between maximum temperature during panicle initiation stage and spikelet degeneration of Chujing 27 and Huanghuazhan. Data are from Wang Y L et al (2016).

Fig. 5. Relationship between rice spikelet fertility rate and floral characteristics under high temperature (38 ºC) at flowering period. A, Correlation between anther dehiscence and spikelet fertility rate. B, Correlation between the number of pollen grains on the stigma and spikelet fertility rate. C, Correlation between pollen activity and spikelet fertility rate.Data are from Hu (2013).

Table 2 Response of spikelet fertility of indica, japonica and indica-japonica hybrid rice varieties to high temperature at flowering stage.

Type	Number of varieties	Relative spikelet fertility (%)			Variable coefficient (%)
Type	Number of varieties	Average	Maximum	Minimum	Variable coefficient (%)
Indica	74	43.4	80.5	1.2	44.2
Japonica	30	32.2	70.5	0	60.8
Indica-japonica hybrid	12	46	73.6	4.3	48.8

Fig. 6. Daily spikelet flowering rate in japonica and five indica rice cultivars. Spikelet anthesis rate (%) = No. of anthesis spikelet / Daily total spikelet anthesis × 100. Different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). Data are Mean ± SD (n = 5). Data are provided by Rice Production and Physiology Group of China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.

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