Rice Science

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1. Rice Heat Tolerance Breeding: A Comprehensive Review and Forward Gaze

Ravindran Lalithambika Visakh, Sreekumar Anand, Sukumaran Nair Arya, Behera Sasmita, Uday Chand Jha, Rameswar Prasad Sah, Radha Beena

Rice Science 2024, 31 (4): 375-400. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.004

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The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.

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2. Exploring Nutritional Compositions, Volatile Compounds, Health Benefits, Emerging Processing Technologies, and Potential Food Products of Glutinous Rice: A Review

Maimunah Mohd Ali, Norhashila Hashim

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 251-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.002

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Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa) stands out as one of the most popular rice varieties globally, amidst thousands of rice cultivars. Its increasing popularity is attributed to its rich nutritional compositions and health benefits. This review aims to summarize the nutritional compositions, volatile compounds, and health benefits of glutinous rice. Further, in-depth studies are necessary to explore the utilization of glutinous rice in enhancing processing technologies and developing new food products. Glutinous rice has been shown to possess numerous health benefits, including antioxidant activity, bioactive compounds, anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-diabetic potential, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Besides its nutritional compositions, the major volatile compounds identified in glutinous rice could serve as a functional food for human consumption. Emerging processing technologies related to glutinous rice are elaborated to improve the latest developments for incorporating them into various food products.

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3. Molecular Mechanism of Rice Necrotic Lesion for Optimized Yield and Disease Resistance

Hou Xinyue, Wang Yuping, Qian Qian, Ren Deyong

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 285-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.12.003

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How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding. Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance, but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield. Currently, many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified, and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways. This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics, classification, and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation. Additionally, we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance. Concurrently, we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods. We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.

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4. Efficient Breeding of Early-Maturing Rice Cultivar by Editing Hd6 via CRISPR/Cas9

Chen Zhihui, Tao Yajun, Xu Yang, Wu Jingjing, Wang Fangquan, Li Wenqi, Jiang Yanjie, Fan Fangjun, Li Xia, Zhu Jianping, Zhu Qian-Hao, Yang Jie

Rice Science 2024, 31 (6): 629-633. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.007

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5. Mixed-Oligosaccharides Promote Seedling Growth of Direct-Seeded Rice under Salt and Alkaline Stress

Yang Yigang, Xu Ya’nan, Bai Yeran, Zhang Yuanpei, Han Wei, Makoto Saito, Lü Guohua, Song Jiqing, Bai Wenbo

Rice Science 2024, 31 (6): 712-724. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.08.001

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Rice direct seeding technology is an appealing alternative to traditional transplanting because it conserves labor and irrigation resources. Nevertheless, there are two main issues, salt stress and alkaline stress, which contribute to poor emergence and seedling growth, thereby preventing the widespread adoption and application of this technique in the Ningxia Region of China. Therefore, to determine whether germination can be promoted by mixed-oligosaccharide (KP) priming (in which seeds are soaked in a KP solution before sowing) under salt and alkaline stress, a proteomics study was performed. KP-priming significantly mitigated abiotic stress, such as salt and alkaline stress, by inhibiting root elongation, ultimately improving seedling establishment. By comparing the proteomics analyses, we found that energy metabolic pathway was a vital factor in KP-priming, which explains the alleviation of salt and alkaline stress. Key proteins involved in starch mobilization, pyruvate mobilization, and ATP synthesis, were up-regulated by KP-priming, significantly blocking salt and alkaline-triggered starch accumulation while enhancing pyruvate metabolism. KP-priming also up-regulated ATP synthase to improve energy efficiency, thereby improving ATP production. In addition, it enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activities and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. All of these factors contributed to a better understanding of the energy regulatory pathway enhanced by KP-priming, which mediated the promotion of growth under salt and alkaline conditions. Thus, this study demonstrated that KP-priming can improve rice seed germination under salt and alkaline stress by altering energy metabolism.

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6. Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Analysis of Pollinated Pistils Reveals Genes Influencing Spikelet Fertility in Rice

Kanokwan Kaewmungkun, Keasinee Tongmark, Sriprapai Chakhonkaen, Numphet Sangarwut, Theerachai Thanananta, Amorntip Muangprom

Rice Science 2024, 31 (5): 556-571. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.06.001

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Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_5:6 generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses (Nipponbare × KDML105) with low (LS) and high seed-setting rates (HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4‒5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS- specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene (CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall (OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion (Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.

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7. Cell Wall Fixation, Translocation, and Vacuolar Detoxification of Cadmium Contribute to Differential Grain Cadmium Accumulation in Two Rice Cultivars

Zhu Xiaofang, Zhao Ling, Huang Jing, He Jiatong, Song Jiayin, Teng Ying, Shen Renfang

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 241-244. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.010

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8. Applying Boron Fertilizer at Different Growth Stages Promotes Boron Uptake and Productivity in Rice

Sitthikorn Bodeerath, Jeeraporn Veeradittakit, Sansanee Jamjod, Chanakan Prom-U-Thai

Rice Science 2024, 31 (6): 751-760. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.08.007

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Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and yield. We investigated the optimal growth stage for B fertilizer application to improve rice production. The study was conducted using a 2 × 4 factorial design in a randomized complete block during the rainy season of 2022. We utilized two premium Thai rice varieties Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) and Pathum Thani 1 (PTT1), and four soil B fertilizer treatments: a control (no B application), B application at the tillering stage, B application at the flowering stage, and B application at both the tillering and flowering stages. The results showed that the application of B fertilizer at the flowering stage and at both the tillering and flowering stages increased grain yield of KDML105 by 25.0% and 34.0%, respectively. In contrast, the grain yield of PTT1 showed no response to B application. The increased grain yield of KDML105 was attributed to an increased number of panicles per plant and a higher filled grain rate, which was due to the elevated B concentration in all plant parts and the total B uptake, particularly when B was applied at the flowering and tillering stages. Notably, B application increased the fertilized grain rates and reduced the proportion of unfertilized grains, a phenomenon that corresponded with the increased B concentration across all plant parts. The total B uptake ranged from 5.11 to 15.85 mg/m² in KDML105 and from 8.37 to 24.26 mg/m² in PTT1, with the highest total B uptake observed when B was applied at both the tillering and flowering stages for both rice varieties.

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9. Genome-Wide Association Study of Cooked Rice Textural Attributes and Starch Physicochemical Properties in indica Rice

Deng Bowen, Zhang Yanni, Zhang Fan, Wang Wensheng, Xu Jianlong, Zhang Yu, Bao Jinsong

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 300-316. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.008

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Rice cooking and eating qualities (CEQ) are mainly determined by cooked rice textural parameters and starch physicochemical properties. However, the genetic bases of grain texture and starch properties in rice have not been fully understood. We conducted a genome-wide association study for apparent amylose content (AAC), starch pasting viscosities, and cooked rice textural parameters using 279 indica rice accessions from the 3 000 Rice Genome Project. We identified 26 QTLs in the whole population and detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the lowest P-value at the Waxy (Wx) locus for all traits except pasting temperature and cohesiveness. Additionally, we detected significant SNPs at the SUBSTANDARD STARCH GRAIN6 (SSG6) locus for AAC, setback (SB), hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness (CHEW), gumminess (GUM), and resilience. We subsequently divided the population using a SNP adjacent to the Waxy locus, and identified 23 QTLs and 12 QTLs in two sub-panels, Wx^T and Wx^A, respectively. In these sub-panels, SSG6 was also identified to be associated with pasting parameters, including peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, cold paste viscosity, and consistency viscosity. Furthermore, a candidate gene encoding monosaccharide transporter 5 (OsMST5) was identified to be associated with AAC, breakdown, SB, CHEW, and GUM. In total, 39 QTLs were co-localized with known genes or previously reported QTLs. These identified genes and QTLs provide valuable information for genetic manipulation to improve rice CEQ.

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10. Straw Burning Dilemma in Modern Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Driving Factors, Environmental Impacts, and Sustainable Solutions

Ghada Abd Elsattar Mohammed Oraby, Fadillah Putra, M. Halim Natsir, Dian Siswanto, Meshal M. Abdullah, Ammar Abulibdeh

Rice Science 2025, 32 (5): 637-648. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2025.06.007

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Straw burning has emerged as a persistent and multifaceted challenge within global agricultural systems, particularly across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This review reframes straw burning not as an isolated behavioral issue, but as the outcome of interlinked structural, technological, and socio-cultural constraints embedded in modern agricultural transitions. Drawing on a synthesis of recent empirical studies, we identify four conceptual turning points that reshape the understanding of straw burning: the structural consequences of mechanization, the trade-offs between high- and low-tech solutions, the cultural legitimacy of burning practices, and the need for systems-based, climate-aligned management paradigms. The analysis reveals that interventions focusing solely on technical innovation often overlook the deeper institutional and cultural factors that sustain burning as a rational choice under constrained conditions. We advocate for hybrid, place-based strategies that combine accessible agronomic practices with long-term investments in infrastructure, policy alignment, and community engagement. Moving beyond fragmented solutions and adopting an integrated systems lens enables this study to contribute a forward-looking framework for sustainable straw management that is environmentally just, socially legitimate, and economically viable.

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11. Progress on Molecular Mechanism of Heat Tolerance in Rice

Fu Yiwei, Wu Jiayelu, Wu Mingming, Ye Shenghai, Zhai Rongrong, Ye Jing, Zhu Guofu, Yu Faming, Lu Yanting, Zhang Xiaoming

Rice Science 2024, 31 (6): 673-687. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.07.001

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major food crop in China, and its high and stable yield is crucial for ensuring food security in the country. However, over the past few years, extreme weather events induced by global climate change have impacted rice growth. For example, the effects of heat stress on rice quality and yield have been significant. Therefore, it is fundamental to conduct in-depth research on the heat-tolerance mechanisms of rice and to cultivate superior new thermotolerant rice varieties. This review summarizes the adverse effects of high temperatures on rice growth at various stages, the heat-tolerance mechanisms in rice, and the heat-tolerance genes and QTLs that have been identified in recent years. We also discuss strategies to enhance the heat tolerance of rice, offering new insights for rice breeding research.

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12. Seed Storability in Rice: Physiological Foundations, Molecular Mechanisms, and Applications in Breeding

Zhou Tianshun, Yu Dong, Wu Liubing, Xu Yusheng, Duan Meijuan, Yuan Dingyang

Rice Science 2024, 31 (4): 401-416. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.011

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Long-term storage of crop seeds is critical for the conservation of germplasm resources, ensuring food supply, and supporting sustainable production. Rice, as a major food staple, has a substantial stock for consumption and production worldwide. However, its food value and seed viability tend to decline during storage. Understanding the physiological responses and molecular mechanisms of aging tolerance forms the basis for enhancing seed storability in rice. This review outlines the latest progress in influential factors, evaluation methods, and identification indices of seed storability. It also discusses the physiological consequences, molecular mechanisms, and strategies for breeding aging-tolerant rice in detail. Finally, it highlights challenges in seed storability research that require future attention. This review offers a theoretical foundation and research direction for uncovering the mechanisms behind seed storability and breeding aging-tolerant rice.

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13. Next Generation Nutrition: Genomic and Molecular Breeding Innovations for Iron and Zinc Biofortification in Rice

Kunhikrishnan Hemalatha Dhanyalakshmi, Reshma Mohan, Sasmita Behera, Uday Chand Jha, Debashis Moharana, Ahalya Behera, Sini Thomas, Preman Rejitha Soumya, Rameswar Prasad Sah, Radha Beena

Rice Science 2024, 31 (5): 526-544. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.008

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Global efforts to address malnutrition and hidden hunger, particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, have intensified, with a focus on enhancing the nutritional content of staple crops like rice. Despite serving as a staple for over half of the world’s population, rice falls short in meeting daily nutritional requirements, especially for iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Genetic resources, such as wild rice species and specific rice varieties, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content. Additionally, molecular breeding approaches have identified key genes and loci associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. This review explores the genetic resources and molecular mechanisms underlying Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains. The functional genomics involved in Fe uptake, transport, and distribution in rice plants have revealed key genes such as OsFRO1, OsIRT1, and OsNAS3. Similarly, genes associated with Zn uptake and translocation, including OsZIP11 and OsNRAMP1, have been identified. Transgenic approaches, leveraging transporter gene families and genome editing technologies, offer promising avenues for enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains. Moreover, strategies for reducing phytic acid (PA) content, a known inhibitor of mineral bioavailability, have been explored, including the identification of low-PA mutants and natural variants. The integration of genomic information, including whole-genome resequencing and pan-genome analyses, provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of micronutrient traits and facilitates targeted breeding efforts. Functional genomics studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying Fe uptake and translocation in rice. Furthermore, transgenic and genome editing techniques have shown promise in enhancing Fe and Zn content in rice grains through the manipulation of key transporter genes. Overall, the integration of multi-omics approaches holds significant promise for addressing global malnutrition and hidden hunger by enhancing the nutritional quality of rice, thereby contributing to improved food and nutritional security worldwide.

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14. Putrescine Modulates Cadmium Fixation Ability of Cell Wall to Decrease Cadmium Accumulation in Rice, a Process Might Depend on Nitric Oxide

Wang Haoyu, Li Su, Yang Jibo, Huang Jing, Zhu Xiaofang, Shen Renfang, Zeng Dali

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 237-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2023.11.009

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15. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Effector AGLIP1 Enhanced Resistance of Rice to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA

Zhao Mei, Liu Xiaoxue, Wan Jun, Zhou Erxun, Shu Canwei

Rice Science 2024, 31 (4): 463-474. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.005

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Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens onto their host plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which R. solani effectors regulate rice immunity are not well understood. Through prediction, 78 candidate effector molecules were identified. Using the tobacco rattle virus-host induced gene silencing (TRV-HIGS) system, 45 RNAi constructs of effector genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results revealed that eight of these constructs resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by infection with the AG1-IA strain GD-118. Additionally, stable rice transformants carrying the double-stranded RNA construct for one of the effector genes, AGLIP1, were generated to further verify the function of this gene. The suppression of the AGLIP1 gene increased the resistance of both N. benthamiana and rice against GD-118, and also affected the growth rate of GD-118, indicating that AGLIP1 is a key pathogenic factor. Small RNA sequencing showed that the HIGS vectors were processed into siRNAs within the plants and then translocated to the fungi, leading to the silencing of the target genes. As a result, AGLIP1 might be an excellent candidate for HIGS, thereby enhancing crop resistance against the pathogen and contributing to the control of R. solani infection.

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16. Enriching Iodine and Regulating Grain Aroma, Appearance Quality, and Yield in Aromatic Rice by Foliar Application of Sodium Iodide

Hong Weiyuan, Duan Meiyang, Wang Yifei, Chen Yongjian, Mo Zhaowen, Qi Jianying, Pan Shenggang, Tang Xiangru

Rice Science 2024, 31 (3): 328-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.005

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Applying iodine fertilizers to cultivate iodine-rich crops for daily intake is an effective approach for iodine supplementation, especially for aromatic rice. Field experiments were conducted during the early growing seasons of 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the impacts of foliar application of iodine fertilizer on aromatic rice and to explore the optimal iodine fertilizer concentration. At the full heading stage, six different concentrations of sodium iodide solutions of 0% (CK), 0.010% (T1), 0.025% (T2), 0.050% (T3), 0.075% (T4), and 0.100% (T5) were applied to indica aromatic rice cultivars Meixiangzhan 2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. The results showed that sodium iodide treatments significantly increased the iodine and sodium contents in both leaves and grains. Compared with the CK, the T1 and T2 treatments increased the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content in mature grains by 8.41%‒101.66% and 13.58%‒ 74.60%, respectively. Improvements in the contents of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, proline, 1-pyrroline, and methylglyoxal, as well as the activity of proline dehydrogenase were also detected. Additionally, sodium iodide treatments remarkably decreased the chalky grain rate, chalkiness area, and chalkiness degree of aromatic rice, with the T2 treatment exhibiting a 17.79%‒47.42% decrease in chalkiness degree compared with the CK. Meanwhile, T1 and T2 treatments showed beneficial impacts on chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, and yield components, while T3, T4, and T5 treatments exhibited adverse effects on leaf and grain yields. The linear discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between treatments. The correlation analysis and piecewise structural equation modeling showed that the iodine and sodium influenced the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll content of the leaves, thereby regulating the 2-AP biosynthesis and yield components, ultimately affecting the 2-AP content and yield. Overall, this study suggests that foliar application of 0.025% sodium iodide is an effective method to enrich the iodine content in rice grains, improve the grain aroma and appearance quality of aromatic rice, without detrimental effects on grain yield.

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17. Direct-Seeded Rice: Genetic Improvement of Game-Changing Traits for Better Adaption

Priyanka Negi, Jagadish Rane, Rajendra Sadashiv Wagh, Tukaram Jayaram Bhor, Dipti Digambar Godse, Priyanka Jadhav, C. Anilkumar, Dasari Sreekanth, K. Sammi Reddy, Sharad Ramrao Gadakh, K. M. Boraih, C. B. Harisha, P. S. Basavaraj

Rice Science 2024, 31 (4): 417-433. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.04.006

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The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water costs accompanying it, direct-seeded rice (DSR) is unquestionably one of the most practical solutions. Despite its resource and climate-friendly advantages, early maturing rice faces weed competitiveness and seedling establishment challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial for promoting its wider adoption among farmers, presenting it as a more effective sustainable rice cultivation method globally. Diverse traditional and contemporary breeding methods are employed to mitigate the limitations of the DSR approach, leveraging advanced techniques such as speed breeding and genome editing. Focusing on key traits like mesocotyl length elongation, early seedling vigor, root system architecture, and weed competitiveness holds promise for transformative improvements in DSR adaptation at a broader scale within farming communities. This review aims to summarize how these features contribute to increased crop production in DSR conditions and explore the research efforts focusing on enhancing DSR adaptation through these traits. Emphasizing the pivotal role of these game-changing traits in DSR adaptation, our analysis sheds light on their potential transformative impact and offers valuable insights for advancing DSR practices.

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18. Combined Insights from Leachate Structure and Microstructure Characteristics for Eating Quality of Convenience Rice Processed by Super-Heated and Pressurized Steam Technologies

Mingyo Ha, Hyo-Young Jeong, Ju Hun Lee, Hyun-Jung Chung

Rice Science 2024, 31 (4): 475-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.02.006

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Convenience rice has become widely popular due to its easy availability for cooking. This study investigated the starch structure and composition of leachate and the microstructure of reheated convenience rice using novel processing technologies: super-heated steaming (SHS), auto-electric cooking (AEC), and pressurized-steam cooking (PSC). Additionally, the effect of two different target water contents (58% and 63%) was also evaluated. The PSC_63% sample had the highest total solids and amylopectin amount in the leachate. The amylopectin amount in the leachate differed significantly based on the targeted water content. Morphological characterization revealed that the swelling of starch and the coated layer on the surface of rice grains were most pronounced in the PSC_63% sample due to the pressure processing. The textural hardness of the AEC_58% sample was much higher than that of the other samples. The PSC_63% sample had the highest textural adhesiveness value, which can be attributed to the highest amylopectin amount in the leachate. Sensory characterization showed that the PSC_63% sample had the highest glossiness, whiteness, moistness, and overall acceptability. The principal component analysis score plots presented substantial differences in the leachate and textural and sensory characteristics of reheated convenience rice among the different processing technologies.

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19. Biofilmed-PGPR: Next-Generation Bioinoculant for Plant Growth Promotion in Rice under Changing Climate

Jeberlin Prabina Bright, Hemant S. Maheshwari, Sugitha Thangappan, Kahkashan Perveen, Najat A. Bukhari, Debasis Mitra, Riyaz Sayyed, Andrea Mastinu

Rice Science 2025, 32 (1): 94-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.08.008

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The exopolysaccharide matrix of diazotrophic cyanobacteria was used to integrate phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) solubilizing bacteria, enhancing the survival of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and ultimately the survival of bacteria in the rhizosphere for better plant growth. A new biofilm-based formulation comprising the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Anabaena AMP2, P-solubilizing Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum PB1, and K-solubilizing Rhizobium pusense KRBKKM1 was tested for efficacy in rice. The growth medium with half-strength BG-11 medium supplemented with 3% glucose showed best for biofilm formation under in vitro conditions. Analysis of the methanolic extract of the cyanobacterial- bacterial biofilm (CBB) showed the activity of antioxidants, such as 2-methoxy phenol and pentadecane, which are proven to improve plant-microbe interactions and plant growth, respectively. Treatment of rice seeds with CBB extract at 100 mL/kg or 200 mL/kg showed significant enhancement in germination rate and seedling length. Therefore, a pot culture experiment with the CBB formulations was carried out, and different growth and yield parameters were recorded. Principal component analysis showed that plant growth, yield, soil dehydrogenase activity, and soil chlorophyll content were positively correlated with rice plants amended with vermiculite-based CBB at 2 kg/hm²followed by a spray with aqueous CBB formulation at 5 mL/L at 15 and 30 d after rice transplanting grown with a 25% reduced level of nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium chemical fertilizers than the recommended dose. Further, Pearson correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with soil dehydrogenase (r = 0.92**) and soil chlorophyll content (r = 0.96**). We concluded that CBB could be used as a novel biofilm-based bio-inoculant to increase rice productivity and crop fitness as a component in integrated nutrient management and sustainable organic farming strategies with reduced chemical fertilizers.

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20. Compound Microbial Agent Improves Soil Redox Status to Reduce Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields

Tao Yi, Xiao Deshun, Ye Chang, Liu Kancheng, Tang Xinxin, Ma Hengyu, Chu Guang, Yu Kai, Xu Chunmei, Wang Danying

Rice Science 2024, 31 (6): 740-750. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2024.05.002

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Paddy fields are considered a major source of methane (CH₄) emissions. Aerobic irrigation methods have proven to be efficacious in mitigating CH₄ emissions in paddy cultivation. The promising role of compound microbial agents in refining the rhizospheric ecosystem suggests their potential as novel agents in reducing CH₄ emissions from paddy fields. To explore a new method of using compound microbial agents to reduce CH₄ emissions, we conducted pot and field experiments over the period of 2022‒2023. We measured CH₄ flux, the redox potential (Eh) of the soil, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the floodwater, and the gene abundance of both methanogens (mcrA) and methanotrophs (pmoA). The results showed that the application of the compound microbial agent led to a significant increase in the DO levels within the floodwater and an increase of 9.26% to 35.01% in the Eh of the tillage soil. Furthermore, the abundance of pmoA increased by 31.20%, while the mcrA/pmoA ratio decreased by 25.96% at the maximum tillering stage. Applying 45−75 kg/hm² of the compound microbial agent before transplanting resulted in a reduction of cumulative CH₄ emissions from paddy fields by 17.49% in single- cropped rice and 43.54% to 50.27% in double-cropped late rice during the tillering stage. Correlation analysis indicated that CH₄ flux was significantly negatively correlated with pmoA gene abundance and soil Eh, and positively related to the mcrA/pmoA ratio. Additionally, soil Eh was significantly positively correlated with pmoA gene abundance, suggesting that paddy soil Eh indirectly affected CH₄ flux by influencing the pmoA gene abundance. In conclusion, the pre-planting application of the compound microbial agent at a rate of 45‒75 kg/hm² can enhance the Eh in the rhizosphere and increase the abundance of the pmoA gene, thereby reducing CH₄ emissions from paddy fields during the tillering stage of rice growth.

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